Volume 14, Issue 3, March 2023 Edition - IJSER Journal Publication


Publication for Volume 14, Issue 3, March 2023 Edition - IJSER Journal Publication

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Inventory of Forest Products From Various Production Forests As Natural Dye []


The development of the use of natural dyes as textile dyes has recently increased. This is related to environmental standards and the prohibition of the use of synthetic dyes containing azo groups as well as to reduce the negative impact of environmental, water and air pollution from synthetic dyes. as an alternative to natural dyes that are more environmentally friendly. This research was carried out in August 2022. This inventory activity was carried out in the South Wilangan BKPH Area, Saradan KPH, Madiun. Bark taken in production forest areas has a very good opportunity to be used as a natural dye. From the results of the research conducted, there are several obstacles faced. These obstacles include, among others, several potential species from the initial experiment, protected plant species were obtained. In addition, on species that have high economic value, the manager does not allow exploration. The type obtained is a type that does not have a high value. The types of bark include Secang (Caesalpinia sappan); Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.); Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus); and Pine (Pinus merkusii). While the type of fruit obtained by mangosteen skin (Garcinia mangostana L.) and Manjakani fruit (Quercus infectoria).

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MODULAR DISTANCE LEARNING IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP COURSE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS []


This paper examines the effectiveness of modular distance learning in Entrepreneurship course of senior high school students in Matnog National High School. This study is descriptive and quantitative in nature wherein a survey-questionnaire was utilized to gather data using convenience sampling. 28 senior high school students and 9 ABM teachers were involved in the study and frequency count, percentage, mean, and performance level were used to analyze the data. Findings show that MDL is satisfactorily effective in the learners’ development of knowledge, content, skills, and values in Entrepreneurship. Moreover, majority of the students are highly proficient in knowledge, content, and skills development however, they are proficient to nearly proficient in values development. Teachers’ limited contact with the learners, complex activities and insufficiency of financial resources are the difficulties encountered by the learners in Entrepreneurship Course in MDL. In addition, utilizing electronic technologies, providing role models who have entrepreneurial skills and engaging external school stakeholders are innovative activities to scaffold the modular distance learning in Entrepreneurship Course. The study recommended that strong partnership with home and school be intensified, teachers’ monitoring be conducted, technology and practical work activities be included in the learning materials

Wireless Backhaul Software Defined Networks: Routing Strategy and Resource Allocation Implementation []


The necessity for software defined networks (SDN) to boost the degree of programmability of the cellular wireless backhauls is dependent on greater complexity of these backhauls. One significant challenge with SDN networks relates to provisioning of a consistent resource consumption of network resources and is also called resource allocation. How to properly load balance network resources is the main concern in the context of a SDN wireless backhaul. In order to manage these network and IT resources, SDN wireless backhaul can combine distributed backpressure policies. These can also be used to manage computing resources by allocating the processing load brought on by OpenFlow (OF) switch requests among the available distributed SDN controllers. The routing of level granularity in the SDN application greatly influences the data plane performance, indicating a trade-off between control plane and data plane performance overfill. Additionally, it demonstrates how a distributed, dynamic backpressure strategy takes care of load across SDN controllers, outperforming static mapping strategies by a wide margin.

Cancer Research Anti Cancer Activity PHPC Compound []


A Report Of Anti-cancer activity (In vitro) of herbal formulation-PHPC Compound Page 2 of 13 Anti-cancer activity of herbal formulation-PHPC Compound Name of Product Anti-cancer activity of herbal formulation-PHPC Compound Parameter Anti cancer Method followed Cytotoxicity study by MTT Assay Report No. ARL/164/2015 Report Date 18/02/2015 Page 3 of 13 1.0 APPROVAL: 1.1 Prepared by : Department Pharmacological and Toxicological Department Signature Name Ms. Shruti C. Shukla Designation Research Associate Date 18/02/2015 1.2 Reviewed by : Department Pharmacological and Toxicological Department Signature Name Dr. Rina H. Gokani Designation QA Manager/Principal Investigator Date 18/02/2015 Page 4 of 13 2.0 TABLE OF CONTENT: SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE No. 1.0 REPORT APPROVAL 2 2.0 TABLE OF CONTENT 3 3.0 OBJECTIVE 4 4.0 SCOPE 4 5.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS 4-6 5.1 INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS 4 5.2 METHODOLOGY 5-6 6.0 RESULT 7-8 7.0 DISCUSSION 8 8.0 CONCLUSION 9 9.0 REFERENCE 9 10.0 ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS 9 11.0 LIST OF ATTACHMENTS 10 Page 5 of 13 3.0 OBJECTIVE To study the anti cancer activity of Polyherbal formulation PHPC Compound. 4.0 SCOPE The scope covers cytotoxicity study by using MTT assay on MCF-7 human breast cancer. 5.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS 5.1 INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIAL Following are the instruments and materials used for performing the activity. Instruments: Sr.No. Name of Equipment 1. Laminar air flow 2. Haemocyto meter 3. Inverted microscope 4. Elisa microplate reader 5. CO2 Incubator 6. Microplate shaker 7. T-25 flask 8 96-well microplate Material used: Sr. No. Name of material Types of materials Make (a) Minimum Enrich medium Media Himedia (b) Fetal bovine serum Media Himedia (c) Trypsin EDTA Media Himedia (d) Phosphate saline buffer Media Himedia (e) Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) Media Merck (f) Trypan blue dye Reagent Himedia (g) 3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) Reagent Himedia (h) Test sample - Provided by sponsor 5.2 Methodology Page 6 of 13 Stage 1 (Sub culturing of cell line) Detachment of cells from T-25 flask: Cells were thrown at 37ºC using water bath after that the media was decant out and cells were trypsinized using 1 of trypsin EDTA solution for 1 min at 37 0C, 5 % CO2/95 % air with gentle tapping. Flask was rolled to ensure trypsin contact with all cells as soon as cells have detached, 2 ml complete media was added to flask .After that cells were centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min. Supernatant was discarded and pellet was resuspended in 20 ml of complete medium (Figure 1). Figure 1: microscopic image of MCF-7 A) Cell count using haemocytometer: 0.1 ml cell suspension was taken to it equal volume of tryphan blue dye was added. A drop of trypan blue/ cell mixture was applied to a haemocytometer. The unstained (viable) and stained (non viable) cells were counted separately. % cell viability was counted. % cell viability = Average no. Of cells x dilution factor x 10,000 B) Splitting of cells After cell count, the cells count was 2.2 x 105 cells/ml. Hence the cell were spilt in the ratio of 1.1 x 105 cells/ml in 2 T-25 flask (Figure 2). Page 7 of 13 Figure 2: Subcultring of cell Stage 2: MTT ASSAY (3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) 1 X 104 cells were (MCF-7) were plated in 100 μl of complete media in 96 well plate. Three wells were left for blank controls. 100 μl of different concentration of test sample (100, 200, 400,600, 800 ,1000 μg/ml) dissolved in 0.5 % DMSO (Dimethyl Sulphoxide) was added to 96 well plate respectively .The plate was placed on a shaking table, at 150rpm for 5 min, for thoroughly mix the samples into the media. Afterwards the plate was incubated at 37°C for 48hours in humidified atmosphere 5 % CO2/ 95 % airto allow the drug to take effect. After 48 hr of incubation,20 μl MTT solution (5mg/ml in PBS) was added to each well and placed on a shaking table, at 150rpm for 5 min, for thoroughly mixing of the MTT into the media. Again the reaction mixture was incubated at 37°C (5% CO2) for 4 hours to allow the MTT to be metabolized. The media was Dumped off and formed Formozan (MTT metabolic product) was dissolved in 200 μl DMSO. It was placed on a shaking table at 150rpm for 5 minutes, to dissolve the formazan into the solvent. The optical density was measured at 570 nm and subtracted background at 690nm. The result was expressed in terms of % cell viability. % cell viability was measured by following formula. Optical density of test % cell viability = ------------------------------------- x 100 Optical density of Control 2.2 x 105cells/ml 1.1 x 105 cells/ml Page 8 of 13 Evaluation Based on % cell viability, cytotoxicity activity of drug can be checked. 6. RESULT 1) MTT ASSAY The formulation PHPC Compound was evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human adenocarcinoma cell line of breast (MCF-7) cancer using MTT assay. Amongst different concentration of the formulation, 100 μl/ml test sample shows 92.6% cytotoxicity and remaining concentration that is 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 μl/ml test sample shows 100% cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cell line. Further, standard sample (5-florouracil) at different 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000μl/ml standard sample showed 83.32 %, 97.59 % , 100 %, 100 %, 100% and 100 % cytotoxicity respectively. The formulation and 5- fluorouracil showed significant cytotoxicity (p<0.001) MCF-7 cancer cell lines as compared to control (Figure 3, Annexure-I). To support the MTT assay cytotoxicity was also studied by counting the viable cells in hemocytometer using microscope. 2) MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION: From 48 hours of study where the cells were allowed to grow for 48 hrs in presence of test sample it was found that 100μl/ml test sample show least cytotoxicity while with increase in concentration of test sample cytotoxicity increased such as 200 and 400μl shows 29% cytotoxicity, 600 and 800 μl/ml shows 72% and 1000μl/ml sample shows 100% cytotoxicity. While, in 72 hours study where the cells were allowed to grow for 72 hrs in presence of test sample it was found that 100μl/ml and 200 μl/ml have shown 87.5% and 98.5% cytotoxicity while remaining concentrations that is 400, 600, 800 and 1000μl have shown 100% cytotoxicity. Page 9 of 13 Figure 3 Microtiter plate of test sample- PHPC Compound Figure 4 Microtiter plate of Standard sample- 5-Flurouracil Page 10 of 13 7. DISCUSSION Women breast cancer is the most important cause of mortality in the world. Now a day, some cytotoxic agents are used for its treatment including 5- flurouracil, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, bleomycin, and cisplastin. However, they are costly and known to induce several side effects such as myelosuppression, anemia, and most importantly the generation of cellular resistance. For this, it is important to find alternative therapies or drugs to overcome these drawbacks. Therefore in the present study,the polyherbal formulation screened for its anticancer activity using MCF-7 cell lines. The formulation PHPC Compound was subjected to cell proliferation assay by MTT. The results revealed that the formulation showed significant cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cell line. Overall, the cell growth inhibition by the polyherbal formulation observed in this study synergistic response rates. It has known that cytotoxicity is mainly through apoptosis or necrosis. 8.0 CONCLUSION From the result it can be concluded that the selected test sample show cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 cell line. 9.0 REFERENCE Roy M, Chakrabarty S, Siddiqi M, Bhattacharya RK. Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells by natural phenolic compounds. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev2002;3:61–7. 10.0 ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS: % : Percentage Conc. : Concentration μm : Micrometer e.g. : Example mg : Milligram ml : Milliliter μl : Microlitre ppm : Parts per million Sr.No. : Serial number NA : Not Applicable mfg : Manufacturing i.e. : That is min : Minute Page 11 of 13 11.0 LIST OF ATTACHMENT Attachment No. Name of Attachment Annexure 1 Raw data in excel file ANNEXURE -1 MTT DATA PHPC Compound CONC. control 100μl/ml 200μl/ml 400μl/ml 600μl/ml 800μl/ml 1000μl/ml % CELL VIABILITY IN TEST SAMPLE 100 7.331597 0 0 0 0 0 Page 12 of 13 5- FLUROURACIL CONC. control 100μl/ml 200μl/ml 400μl/ml 600μl/ml 800μl/ml 1000μl/ml % CELL VIABILITY IN STD 100 16.8 2.41 0 0 0 0 % Cytotoxicity STANDARD TEST CONTROL 0 0 100 83.2 92.67 200 97.59 100 400 100 100 600 100 100 800 100 100 1000 100 100 Page 13 of 13 Microscopic cytotoxicity study conc. control 100μl/ml 200μl/ml 400μl/ml 600μl/ml 800μl/ml 1000μl/ml 48 hours incubation with test sample cells/ml 3.75x 10 3.5x 10 4 2.5x 10 4 2.5x 10 4 2 x 10 4 2 x 10 4 0 4 % cell viability 100 100 71 71 28 28 0 % cytotoxicity 0 0 29 29 72 72 100 72 hours incubation with test sample cells/ml 8 x 10 2 x 10 5 1.2 x 10 5 0 4 0 0 0 % cell viability 100 25 1.5 0 0 0 0 % cytotoxicity 0 75 98.5 0 0 0 0

Medical education and best practices in orthopedic patient care in Poland []


The leadership organization focuses on education, teamwork, customer relationship and developing strategy which help in building added value, in managing activities, time and quality. Everyday orthopedic experience shows that medical education is a mixture of: specific knowledge, skills and attitudes of people working together, and that creates effective teamwork in a hospital environment. Apart from the main reason of medical education, teaching about disease treatment and health problem solving, medical education should also concentrate on human factors and behavioral aspects of patient treatment in hospital. Assessment of an organization and medical education process by cultural and teamwork criteria, offers a powerful new way to think about performance at the frontlines of healthcare and in the future it could be gold standard for assessing the success of an organization, and standards in medical education, not only in orthopedics.

The changes in germinability and the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in seeds of P. macrophylla during low-temperature treatment. []


Activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) were investigated in seeds of Pentaclethra macrophylla during low temperature treatment. The seeds from the small-sized fruits (variety A) and those of the big-sized fruits (variety B) showed high germination, with maximum germination values ranging between 60 – 90%. Low temperature treatment did not significantly (P< 0.5) affect maximum germination values. Activities of POD and PPO increased initially (2-4 days) but declined with prolonged (6–8 days) low temperature treatment.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fast Independent Component Analysis (Fast ICA) are two commonly used methods for denoising images captured by single-sensor digital cameras with color filter arrays (CFAs). []


Abstract- Denoising of natural images is the fundamental and challenging research problem of Image processing. This problem appears to be very simple however that is not so when considered under practical situations, where the type of noise, amount of noise and the type of images all are variable parameters, and the single algorithm or approach can never be sufficient to achieve satisfactory results. Single-sensor digital color cameras use a process called color demosaicking to produce full color images from the data captured by a color filter array (CFA).Normally the quality of images are degraded because of sensor of camera. In this paper we have developed PCA, FASTICA based algorithm with K-means clustering and compared the both .Performance evaluation is done with PSNR, WPSNR, SSIM, Correlation Coefficient.

Enterprise Resource Planning []


Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and service,customer relationship management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application. Their purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. ERP systems can run on a variety of computer hardware and network configurations, typically employing a database as a repository for information.

STEPWELLS: CONSERVATION OF RAINWATER []


When people started saving water from earlier times till now, complexity in design become more intricate. From simple great bath of Indus valley civilization to massive stepwell of Abhaneri step- by- step we wrote our whole history and many epics but never tried to save those magnificent structures. On the other hand, preservation of amenities for worst time is in blood of Indians, ironical to this statement maintaining natural hydrological cycle became very much difficult to accomplish. While conservation is essential for the development of our heritages, development of country and development of its citizens we not proceeding positively to its direction. Although, modernization and globalization are away from principles of simple Indians but with changing time and humane values… we all have changed. As in this changing scenario when human is not helping the other human how water could be helped…? Moreover in the race of becoming more unique, more powerful and position- seeking, we are losing our principles, swiping away from human basic need “ROTI, KAPDA, MAKAN” to “PIZZA, ZARA, and CAR”. I think every journey whether of people, resources or sustaining natural heritages would become tough in a country like India as it was never be a simple country. At every hundred meters language changes, people and thinking would also be. Every change is not simple and one individual can’t change the world. This is the simple approach for understanding the future issues regarding water resource and its impacts on the society as villages are converting to cities, cities to mega- cities while resources are limited to an extent. Especially in the regions of arid climate zones people maintain a natural process of recharging, collecting and harvesting rainwater by adding alum in water at Jaisalmer region to purify water and make it habitable for intake to human body – it’s the best and cheapest methods for purifying it. And the structures used for its collection is called stepwells. Stepwells are the means of primary water source in earlier times in India where it also serves as social gathering place of the society. Let’s see how much these stepwell can teach the technology of the contemporary India.

The Effect of Cooking Process on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Chickpea Flakes and Faba Bean Flakes []


In the present paper, an evaluation has been made for preparing the flakes of legumes (chickpea and faba bean) at deferent processes of cooking, where the analysis indicate that the physical properties and chemical compositions (Ash, Fat, Moisture, Protein and total carbohydrates) of the flakes of soaked chickpea (Cps) and soaked faba bean (Fbs) are proximate to flakes of chickpea flour (Cpf) and flakes of faba bean (Fbf) at significant differences (P<0.05); were observed between the two type of cooking flakes. Major minerals contents (K, Ca, Na and Mg) and minor elements (Fe) were detected in flakes chickpea flour and flakes faba bean flour at elevated levels than that observed in flakes of soaked legumes. The investigation of the organoleptic evaluation of sensory characteristics for samples of the flakes from the soaked chickpea Cps and soaked faba bean Fbs, the flakes from the flours of chickpea Cpf and flours of faba bean Fbf represent no considerable difference between control, replacement levels regarding appearance, color, taste, and tenderness.

The Impact of Small-Scale Irrigation on Household Food Security in Drought Prone Area of Wag Himra Zone: The Case of Abergelle Woreda []


Ethiopian agriculture is largely small-scale subsistence oriented and crucially dependent on rainfall with very low productivity. Small-scale irrigation is believed in helping to address food gap there by reducing rural poverty, food insecurity as well as improving the overall contribution of agriculture to the national economy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of small-scale irrigation (SSI) on household food security in Abergelle woreda, Wag Himra zone of Amhara National Regional State (ANRS). The research design employed by the researcher was descriptive survey research design. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative research approach was employed. The primary and secondary data were collected using Questionnaire, focus group discussion, key informant and by reviewing different documents to achieve the objectives of the study. Meanwhile, stratified random sampling technique was employed based on the nature of the target population. Then 332 sample households were selected both from irrigation user and non-user households. To analyze the collected data, both descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential (binary logistic regression) methods were employed. The descriptive statistics result revealed that 88% of the users and 57.2% of non-users are found to be food secure while only 12% of users and 46.8% of non-users are found to be food insecure. The econometric model result indicates that, age of the household head, education level of household head, cultivated land holding, access to irrigation were the major factors that significantly and positively influence household’s food security status. On the other hand, Dependency ratio and access to functional irrigation negatively and significantly affected household food security situation. The study concluded that small scale irrigation is one of the practicable solutions to secure household food needs and diversify their diet composition in the study area. Finally, it is recommended that coupled with the identified determinants of household food security governmental and non-governmental organization should give due attention to expand access to small-scale irrigation (SSI) for farm households to improve their food security status. Key Words: Diet diversity, Food Security, irrigation non-users, irrigation users, Small Scale Irrigation

EFFECT OF DISK OVER WATER CAGE INDUCED SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON SERUM MALONDIALDEHYDE, GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE AND GLUTATHIONE IN MALE WISTAR RATS. []


Sleep deprivation is becoming an everyday experience and has been associated with generation of chronic stress. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sleep deprivation on oxidative stress markers in disk over water cage induced sleep deprived rats. Sixty-four male wistar rats of weight 143g-330g were used for the study. The animals were acclimatized for 7 days and they were assigned into 8 (Groups 1-8) experimental groups based on their weight, (n=8 per group), Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were the control groups and they were fed with Normal diet, Pelletized sorghum, milled corn, and mixed feed containing sorghum and corn with the administration of caffeine per kg body weight respectively and they were all kept in regular cage while Group 5, 6, 7 and 8 were the sleep deprived groups and they were fed with Normal diet, pelletized sorghum, milled corn and mixed feed containing sorghum and corn with the administration of caffeine per kg body weight respectively and they were kept in disk over water cages. Result was expressed as mean ± SEM. At the end of the experiments, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were evaluated, Rats in sleep deprived groups had significantly increased levels of MDA, while showing significantly reduced level of GSH and GPx. The results of the present study revealed the ability of sleep deprivation to ameliorate the imbalance between the reactive oxygen species and production of antioxidant enzymes in the sleep deprived male wistar rats. In the sleep recovery group the significant reduction in MDA level and increase in level of GPx and GSH can be attributed to sleep deprivation induced chronic stress. In conclusion, sleep recovery restores or accentuates antioxidant level and leads to a decrease in free radical production.

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