Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2013 Edition


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Modeling of the Bumper as an Impact Attenuation Device[ ]


The bumper of road vehicles are designed for very low speed impacts (4 km/h). To improve on this there is the need for an approapriate mathematical model of the bumper, which is very responsive in the changes in the characteristics of the bumper material, to be used in investigating and finding better materials for this purpose. Four models, namely, the Maxwell, Kelvin and two Solid or Hybrid models, were used to simulate the bumper in a barrier test to obtain the responses of the displacement, velocity and acceleration. The results were compared with those of a standard crash test used by automobile manufacturers which is higher than that required by law, the NCAP test, a standard crash test for a vehicle in a Full width barrier test. The results were then discussed in line with desired behavior.

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Water Parameters of Tanks in Melghat and Aquaculture[ ]


The proposed work has undertaken the study of Government policy of providing fish tanks without any exchange for the purpose of giving employment and nutritious food to the people in Melghat who are facing the problem of 'Malnutrition'. Suitability of five tanks for sound fish production has been tested. It also highlights the function and implementation of Government policy undertaken to solve the problem of Malnutrition. In the present study, some physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity, Electrical Conductance, pH, Dissolve Oxygen, Free CO2, Chloride, Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphate, Phosphate, Ammonia, Nitrate and Nitrite of 5 tanks in Melghat are investigated and tried to correlate with fish production of these tanks.

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Performance Enhancement of WiMAX using Adaptive Modulation Scheme[ ]


This paper studied different aspects of WiMAX system in detail. In this paper WiMAX architecture, comparison between WiMAX and WiFi networks, different modulation schemes for performance enhancement of existing WiMAX system has been reviewed. A novel approach of Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) has been proposed.

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Handover Management In Heterogeneous Networks[ ]


The continuation of an active call is one of the most important quality measurement in cellular system. Handoff process enables a cellular system to provide such a facility by transferring an active call from one cell to another. In this paper a new vertical handoff decision algorithm, handover necessity estimation (HNE), is proposed to minimize the number of handover failure and unnecessary handover in heterogeneous wireless network. The traveling distance has been predicted and compared against the RSS based method to make a handover decision in order to minimize the probability of handover failures or unnecessary handovers from a cellular network to a WLAN. Simulation result shows that this method reduce the number of handover failures and unnecessary handovers up to 80% and 70%, respectively.

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Image Enhacement Using New Color Model[ ]


The paper presents the approach and the experimental results of the new color model. The color model helps to process the image with least time delays. Also, this new color model can be used in real time video processing and communication systems. The experimental results show that the new color model RBL processes the image approximately four times faster than the HSL color models.

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Self Recognition of Routing Misbehaviour In Disruption Tolerant Networks[ ]


A Disruption tolerant networks is a network designed temporary, have the unique features of intermittent connectivity which makes routing quite different from other wireless network. Routing misbehavior like selfish or malicious node can cause packet delay and modifying packets in a network. A node is required to keep a few signed contact record of its previous contact based on it the next node can detect a packet dropping,although here it may reduces the packet delivery ratio and waste the system resources such as power and bandwidth. To reduce this problem we propose a scheme as record handler, it is used to maintain the entire information about packet separately and to provide more security and we introduce RC4 algorithm where the message and the key can be send individual to nodes for avoiding misbehaviour on a network.

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Computer Based Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma in Biomedical Data Using Image Processing and Automated Early Nerve Fiber Layer Defects Detection using Feature Extraction in Retinal Colored Stereo Fundus Images[ ]


Glaucoma, an eye disorder is one of the supreme causes of blindness. The inception of Glaucoma causes devastation of these indispensable nerves and eventual vision loss. Hence it calls for a need to have an early detection of the disease and espy the degeneration of nerve in a non-invasive mode through the Retinal Fundus images. In particular, Anisotropic Diffusion Filter for noise removal, Otsu Thresholding, Canny edge map and Image Inpainting for extraction of retinal blood vessels, K means Clustering, Multi-thresholding, Active Contour Method, Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy C Means Clustering, Morphological Operations have been used and compared using average measures for detection of boundary of optic disc and cup, modeled as elliptical objects. Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System, Support Vector Machine and Back Propagation Network classifies batch of 20 images obtained from Vitreo Retina Unit, AIIMS, New Delhi,India and Optos, Scotland, UK as normal and abnormal samples. Quantitative analysis and comparison of classifiers is performed by computing Classification Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity. Conclusively, Cup-to-Disc Ratio is computed and values are compared with truths obtained from Heidelberg Retina Tomograph and ophthalmologists for clinical validation, bring forth a model to get perception of progressive degeneration of optic nerve and the impact of glaucoma on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer. This automatic retinal image analysis contributes to the field of ophthalmology by providing a screening tool for the early detection of Glaucoma.

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Structural VHDL Implementation of Wallace Multiplier[ ]


Scheming multipliers that are of high-speed, low power, and standard in design are of substantial research interest. By reducing the generated partial products speed of the multiplier can be increased. Several attempts have been made to decrease the number of partial products generated in a multiplication process. One of the attempt is Wallace tree multiplier. This paper aims at designing and implementation of Wallace tree multiplier. Speed of Wallace tree multiplier can be enhanced by using compressor techniques. By minimizing the number of half adders and full adders used in a multiplier reduction will reduce the complexity.

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Early Detection and Segmentation of Coronary Artery Blockage using Advanced Imaging Modalities for Predicting Risk Factors of Heart Attack[ ]


Myocardial infarction, commonly known as heart attack, is a leading cause of human death world wide. Hence, it requires early detection of the disease non-invasively through real CT angiogram images. In this paper, median filter has been applied on input images for noise removal followed by global thresholding with frangi vesselness filter using dilation morphology for segmentation of coronary arteries. Cardiac stenosis, considered as ROI, has been detected by using canny edge gradient operator with threshold values 75 to 90. The proposed mathematical model explains rate of change in blood flow using fluid dynamic concept by Hagen Poiseuille law and vascular wall shear stress method for quantification of healthy and diseased coronary arteries. After that we have classified the levels of heart attack as intial, mild and severe using ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) tool with membership function. Computer simulation results assist in predicting the risk factors of heart attack at an early stage.

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Graph Coloring Algorithm using Adjacency Matrices[ ]


Graph coloring proved to be a classical problem of NP complete and computation of chromatic number is NP hard also. Graph coloring with 2 colors exhibits polynomial time behavior whereas optimal solution for whether a graph is colorable for k >2 is NP-complete. An algorithm for graph coloring is proposed in this paper. Algorithm uses adjacency matrix for coloring the vertices of given undirected graphs.

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VLSI Archietecture for High-Throughput Implementation of Lifting 3D-DWT [ ]


In this paper, we present a throughput-scalable parallel and pipeline architecture for high-throughput computation of multilevel three-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (3-D DWT). The computation of 3-D DWT for each level of decomposition is split into three distinct stages, and all the three stages are implemented in parallel by a processing unit consisting of an array of processing modules. The processing unit for the first level decomposition of a video stream of frame-size (MxN) consists of Q/2 processing modules, where Q is the number of input samples available to the structure in each clock cycle. The processing unit for a higher level of decomposition requires 1/8 times the number of processing modules required by the processing unit for its preceding level. For J level 3-D DWT of a video stream, each of the proposed structures involves J processing units in a cascaded pipeline. The proposed structures have small output latency, and can perform multilevel 3-D DWT Computation with 100% hardware utilization efficiency. The throughput rate of proposed structures is Q/7 time higher than the best of the corresponding existing structures. Interestingly, the proposed structures involve a frame-buffer of O(MN) while the frame-buffer size of the existing structures is O(MNR). Besides, the on-chip storage and the frame-buffer size of the proposed structure is independent of the input-block size and this favours to derive highly concurrent parallel architecture for high-throughput implementation. The overall area-delay products of proposed structure are significantly lower than the existing structures. The throughput rate of the proposed structure can easily be scaled without increasing the on-chip storage and frame-memory by using more number of processing modules; and it provides greater advantage over the existing designs for higher-frame rates and higher input block-size. The full-parallel implementation of proposed scalable structure provides the best of its performance.

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High frequency characterization of printed and etched fabric based conductive materials for the development of wearable antennas[ ]


Wearable textile system and its revolutionary emphasis on the world of electronics, telecommunication and textile has undisputable role in our daily life. The use of flexible electronics and wearable antenna are growing each day. Industrial and space related applications along with the medical, rescue affairs, cell phone and GPS are outstanding usage of these technologies.

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Linux Network Accelerator for Multicast Protocol[ ]


The project is aimed to measure the performance of Linux Network Stack for Multicast Protocol. Aim of our project is to find out whether we can accelerate the rate of packet transmission .The Multicast Protocol can be used well for skipping some of the Linux Network Stack levels so as to reduce the possible CPU overhead and to speed up the transmission. By using designed architecture of Multicast Protocol and possible changes within it, Linux Network Stack can be improved for its efficiency and possible alternatives for fast developing technology can be analyzed. Number of possible approaches to attain maximum possible speed with optimal use of CPU can be identified and the one which can be completed by Multicast architecture will be implemented.

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Biodiesel Fuel Production by Methanolysis of Fish Oil Derived from the Discarded Parts of Marine Fish[ ]


The world is on the brick of energy crisis. The limited fossil fuel sources are unable to fulfill increasing energy demand. The depletion of fossil fuels and augmentation of environmental pollution have lead to exploration of alternate fuels. Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) synthesized from various vegetable and animal fat oils have proven as a potential resource and shown neutral effect on environmental pollution. Most research on biodiesel has focused on using plant based oil as feed stocks. There has been much less research on converting animal based oil into biodiesel. It has been estimated that over a million tons of fish by-products are generated from fishing industry. Some of these products are converted into fish meal and oil, but approximately 60% are not utilized. The major fish by-product includes fish head, viscera and some frame with of oil stored in the head. Fish by-product can also be converted in to hydrology-state through hydrolysis. The marine fish oil is identified as one such potential source of biodiesel as it can be extracted from the discarded parts of the marine fish which may provide an abundant, cheap and stable oil source. The present work emphasizes the synthesis of methyl esters from high free fatty acid marine fish oil and the optimization of process variables like volumetric ratio of oil to methanol, catalyst percentage, reaction time and temperature is done for the highest conversion efficiency by volume.

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Online Defect Tracking System[ ]


For projects that rely on empirical process control and deliver frequently working versions of software, developers and project managers regularly need to examine the status of their software quality. This study illustrates that simple goal-oriented changes or extensions to the existing data of projects' respective defect tracking systems could provide valuable and prompt information to improve their software quality assessment and assurance.

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Anonymous selection optimization approach for covering Targets in wireless sensor networks[ ]


In recent scenario, wireless sensor network made a vital role in communication stream. Coverage of target with prolonged life time in the sensor nodes makes a large gap of development stairs. When we go for target coverage of sensor nodes, it leads to two different paths. One, the time domain optimization of sensor coverage with some lack of improved life time span and also the more complexity of optimized process. Second, the space domain optimization which require less complexion with high level of prolonged life time process and improved target coverage too. The study portrays about the introduction of upper bound on the network life time from time based formulation. From that the conversion process is made with set coverage pattern based solution, where it converts the time domain solution into space domain solution. At last the target coverage with prolonged lifetime is optimized using Anonymous selection Optimization process in the space domain process. The result gave the most high level life span process for the sensor nodes with highest target coverage compared with the previous optimized process.

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Haematology of freshwater Murrel (Channa punctatus Bloch), exposed to Phenolic industrial wastes of the Bhilai Steel plant (Chhattisgarh,India)[ ]


Haematological indices are important parameters to evaluate the general physiological status of fishes and may be considered as stress indicators for estimation of the response reactions of the fish to various environmental conditions (Docan et al., 2010). It may be considered useful in assessing the health of fish subjected to changing environmental conditions (Blaxhall, 1972 and Nair et al, 1984) and have proven useful in monitoring stress responses as bio-indicators (Bridges et al, 1976; Soivio & Oikari, 1976) The phenolic industrial wastes generated from the cock oven of steel plants and dumped in river are changed the nature of aquatic environment and pose serious threats to aquatic life. The present study describes the daily changes in the haematological parameters (TEC, TLC and % of Hb) of the Indian Murrell Channa punctatus (Bloch) upon long term exposure to high concentration of phenolic effluents of Bhilai steel plant. Commercial available phenol was also taken in Same concentration for comparison. During experiment over all % increase in TEC was found, highest augmentation in TLC and % changes in Hb was occurred.

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Routing Based Ant Colony Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks[ ]


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN's) have become an important and challenging research area in last year. Wireless Sensor Networks consisting of nodes with limited power are deployed to gather useful information from the field. In WSNs it is critical to collect the information in an energy efficient manner. Ant Colony Optimization, a swarm intelligence based optimization technique, is widely used in network routing. In this paper, we introduce a heuristic way to reduce energy consumption in WSNs routing process using Ant Colony Optimization. We introduce three Ant Colony Optimization algorithms, the Ant System, Ant Colony System and improved AS and their application in WSN routing process. The simulation results show that ACO is an effective way to reduce energy consumption and maximize WSN lifetime.

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Rheological Characteristics, Molecular Weight And Polydispersity And Analytical Studies Of Asphaltic Material Separated From Indian Crude Oil[ ]


Asphaltic components present in crude oil create problems during production & refining processes. In the present paper some of the highlights of the work done at IIP, Dehradun on separation & characterization of asphaltic materials derived from some Indian crude oils viz. Viraj, North Kadi & Santhol crude oil have been summarized & presented. The studies carried out indicated that ethyl acetate and n-pentane are good solvents for precipitation of asphaltic components from Viraj & North Kadi crude oil residues and that yield of asphaltic components is a function of the nature and type of extracting solvent. The study suggests that solvent used for the extraction asphaltic components has an influence on molecular weight and polydispersity of asphaltic components without any definite trend. The number average molecular weight of them determined by VPO and GPC differs greatly. It has been observed that irrespective of the type and nature of the extracting solvents the separated asphaltic components are amorphous in nature. IR and 1HNMR analysis indicated that the asphaltic components constitute mainly highly substituted aromatics having ether linkages, ketone and pyrolic N-H function and large number of methyl and methylene groups in alkyl chain substituents.

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Detection of human activities using neural network by pattern recognition[ ]


There are various challenging task in automatically video stream for detecting human activities. The major difficulty of this task lies for human activities can be recognized is that temporal feature of video sequences and how to extract the spatial. The aim of this paper is to develop such a system with the Spiking neural network of integrate and fire neurons to do pattern recognition. Which will use the supervised neural network and with the help of the back propagation algorithm to recognize the pattern. The idea of this research is to develop a pattern recognition system which is more efficient and optimum. To achieve this goal, the proposed system use the supervised neural network which makes the proposed system more intelligent and the back propagation algorithm which firstly compute the input and after this it find the difference between the actual output and the expected one. If the difference is greater than zero then the error is propagated in backwards in order to recognize the pattern more accurately

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