Volume 7, Issue 9, September 2016 Edition


Publication for Volume 7, Issue 9, September 2016 .

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GENERATING FUNCTIONS FOR MEASURES OF INACCURACY[ ]


In the present year we have obtained generating functions for several measure of inaccuracy. Our results include several well-known results.

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Analysis and Design of Pocklingotn’s Equation for any Arbitrary Surface for Radiation[ ]


Electromagnetic field radiation mechanism for any arbitrary conducting surface is mathematically computed by solving the pocklington’s equation, and which is generalize that can be used to any type of antenna in field theory. Tangential vector on any arbitrary surface is defined with the help of surface equation. Using Lorentz gauge condition, scalar potential is defined in terms of vector potential and scattered electric field is calculated on the arbitrary surface. Mathematical representation of E and H filed for parabolic reflector is also derived.

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Number of Neighbors and Cloud Point Density as Factors Controlling the Quality of DEMs Generated from Airborne LiDAR Data Using Three Interpolators[ ]


Accurate and high spatial resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) are in increasing demand for a growing number of mapping and GIS tasks related to applications such as forest management, urban planning, bird population modelling, ice sheet mapping, flood control, road design, etc. Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has become the preferred technology for digital elevation data acquisition in a wide range of applications. DEMs quality relies on the quality of elevation data and the process of converting discrete elevation points to a continuous surface represented by a DEM through an interpolation operation. LiDAR technology provides high-density and high-accuracy three-dimensional terrain point data acquisition, however, the quality of the DEM generated from LiDAR is affected directly by the interpolation process. In this study, the Ordinary Kriging (OK), the Local Ploynomial (LP) and the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation methods working under ArcGIS 10.1 were used to study the effect of LiDAR data point density and number of neighbors on the quality of the interpolated DEMs. Statistical tests were applied on the generated DEMs from data files of different point densities. The analysis of results showed that using recommended number of neighbors and elevations point density are time saving and cost effective compared with the use of random values.

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Diatom inventory of Oued Rhiou (tributary of Oued Chelif) and Oued El Malah (tributary of Oued Tafna), north-western Algeria[ ]


The identification of the nature and composition of diatom populations from two Oueds was undertaken to elaborate the diatom database for developing ‘diatom indices’ and a reliable assessment of the biological quality of these rivers. Two rivers (Oued Rhiou and Oued El Malah), located in north-western Algeria within the two watersheds, respectively Bas Chelif basin and Tafna basin, were studied.

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INFLUENCE OF CORNER DETECTORS IN THE PROCESS OF 3D MODELING FROM VIDEO[ ]


The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of the choice of corner detector in the process of 3D modelling from video. Reviewed several types of corner detectors and made an examination of various types of objects in order to choose the most appropriate detector. This is an important step in the process of 3D modelling from video, because the accuracy of the detected points depends on the quality of the resulting 3D model.

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High Speed 4 Bit QSD Addition / Subtraction[ ]


The need for high speed digital circuits became more prominent as portable multimedia and communication applications incorporating information processing and computing. The drawback of modern computers lead to the deterioration in performance of arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication on the aspects of carry propagation time delay, high power consumption and large circuit complexity. This system explores the carry free n digits addition/subtraction as the carry propagation delay is most important factor regarding the speed of any digital system. In this paper , we are introducing the reversible logic gates based 4 Bit QSD Adder/Subtractor . For the fast operation of QSD, we apply pipeline also so that delay can be reduced.

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Length frequency analysis and length-weight relationship of pony fish, Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier, 1829) off Ratnagiri coast, Maharashtra[ ]


In the present study, length frequency and length weight relationship analysis of Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier,1829) from Ratnagiri coast were done. The fishes studied ranged between 6.1 to 12.5 cm. in Total length (TL.) during the period February 2012 to January 2013. From the cumulative frequency calculations, it was observed that L. splendens attained first maturity at the size of 10.5 cm. L ∞ calculated for L. splendens was 155.4 mm, K value was 0.28 monthly. The fish attained 6.4 cm in 1st year, 10.2 cm in 2 nd year, and 12.3 cm in 3 rd years respectively, The analysis of covariance did not show significant difference in length-weight relationship between sexes. The relationship was described as : Log W = -1.7280 + 2.9802 Log L

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Prevalence and Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Associated with Gastroenteritis in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria[ ]


Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which brings about sudden onset of diarrhoea and vomiting. The study is aimed at determining the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria associated with gastroenteritis in Minna, Niger state. A total of 328 stool specimens were collected from children and adults, of which 215 were positive for gastroenteritis. The age group 0-9 years had the highest frequency of occurrence 69(32.09%). E. coli was found to be the most frequently isolated bacteria in all age groups 117(35.67%), other bacteria isolated were Salmonella species 82(25.00%), Shigella species 5(1.52%), V. cholera 51(15.55%), V. parahaemolyticus 33(10.06%), Citrobacter species 14(4.27%), Klebsiella species 12(3.66%), Ps. aeruginosa 7(2.13%), Proteus species 5(1.52%), and Enterobacter species 2(0.61%). The antibiotic profile for isolated enteropathogenic bacteria showed that most of the organisms were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, but highly resistant to ampicillin and cefuroxime sodium. There was a significant difference between the antibiotics (p<0.05). These results show the need to promote rational use of antibiotics in the population. The result also suggests that, the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases is quite common in the population especially among children therefore diarrhoeal should be taken more seriously.

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ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LANDUSE AND SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN THE OBUDU MOUNTAIN SLOPE, SOUTHEAST-NIGERIA[ ]


The severity of anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, conversion of rangeland to cropland and cultivation without good management practices are known to result in changes in soil chemical and biological properties which altered the characteristics of the earth surface, leading to loses in soil fertility and subsequently it’s capacity to support sustainable crops development. This research was carried out to provide important information about agricultural land use types and soil chemical properties in order to proffer recommendations for optimal and sustainable utilizations of land resources especially in fragile micro agricultural tropical ecozones of Nigeria like the Obudu plateau. Soil samples were collected with a soil auger at different predetermined slope positions.

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Gene Therapy For Parkinson’s Disease[ ]


Today there are thousands of incurable diseases prevalent throughout the world and Parkinson’s disease is one of them. It is a neurodegenerative disorder in which the patient’s condition worsens over time. Medication therapy is used to cure symptoms of the disease and become less effective with time. Drugs such as levodopa or dopamine agonists are very effective during the initial stages of the disease but with time the medication response may fluctuate (wearing off). Hence these become less effective and may also have side effects. This is where gene therapy comes into play. Gene therapy has many potential advantages over medication therapy. It is a long term approach which slows down the disease progression. Gene therapy uses viral and non viral vectors to deliver the required nucleic acids to the target for their expression while maintaining vector biosafety (in case of viral vectors). The major viral vectors used are AAV and lentiviruses. Symptomatic therapy and disease modification are the two approaches under gene therapy in PD. Gene therapy based on the genetic cause of PD (recent) is a part of disease modifying approach which seems to have huge potential advantages as many genetic causes of PD are identified. In this paper the methods of gene therapy with respect to different approaches are summarized and recent clinical trials are also mentioned to show the current status of gene therapy in PD which will soon get us a complete cure of PD.

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Sustainability Analysis of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technology Applied in Human Settlements in Swamp Areas[ ]


Providing wastewater treatment systems for human settlements in swamp areas is challenging. Those challenging factors are related to specific physical condition of the settlements, including specific type of house in settlement and specific environmental conditions, as well as specific non-physical condition. Related to those challenging factors, maintain the sustainability of an applied wastewater treatment technology in swamp settlemens is becoming a big concern and the development of existing wastewater treatment technologies to overcome the challenges in swamp settlements is necessary. Wastewater treatment technologies that have been applied in swamp settlements were analyzed based on sustainability criteria.

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ZCMGenerator: Framework for Generating Zakat Calculation Models based on the MDA Approach[ ]


In these days, the ZCP (Zakat calculation platforms) form a necessary tool and play a crucial role in Muslims life. They have made the entire process of calculating Zakat extremely simple and straightforward. They support the Muslims in calculating their Zakat easily, correctly, quickly and accurately. However, many challenges exist in the area of Zakat calculation which can be an obstacle for its adoption by Muslims to calculate their Zakat. Indeed, the most of them are developed in traditional manner and have lack of portability and reusability. Moreover, the vast majority of them are designed for specific categories of wealth and limited to one school of jurisprudence. For this, the Framework ZCMGenerator is done to overcome these obstacles by facilitating Zakat calculation models modelling, ensuring reuse and portability and providing direction and guidance to ZCP developers.

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Study on Flow Behaviour in Rectangular Sedimentation Tank[ ]


The effect of baffles in a pilot rectangular settling tank system on the flow pattern was studied using trace analysis with Rhodamine B as a dye injection method. The operating variables were; baffle existence, baffle position, baffle height from bottom and the residence time inside the tank. The Morrill dispersion index for all experiments were predicted. The effect of baffle at a distance 10, 20 and 30 cm from the inlet at fixed baffle clearence from bottom of 9 cm were studied. On increasing the distance of baffle from inlet, a flattening of curve and increase in Morrill index was observed; i.e. a scatter from plug flow toward CSTR flow behaviour. The effect of clearence of the baffle of 6, 9, 12 cm from the bottom at each baffle position from inlet (10, 20, 30 cm) were also studied. It appears that the Morrill dispersion index (MDI) increases as the clearance of baffle from bottom was increased and hence the flow pattern will start to deviate from plug flow toward mix flow. It is also observed thate Morrill dispersion index (MDI) increased as the residence time decreased and hence the flow pattern will deviate from plug flow towards mixed flow pattern.

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Study on Driver Yielding to Pedestrians at Unsignalized Crosswalks[ ]


The basic mode of transportation from one place to other is to walk. In the present scenario where the focus is high on sustainability, walkability and multi-modal transportation in urban infrastructure; it is time to understand how well these will merge with the existing culture of the road users; both pedestrians as well as drivers. With this work the aim is to understand one aspect, the pedestrian-vehicle interaction at unsignalized mid-block pedestrian crosswalks. An attempt to study the yielding behaviour of drivers to a pedestrian waiting to cross is made. The study is conducted in the undivided two lane city roads of Kochi. Four locations viz., three crosswalks at Park Avenue Road and one at NH 85 are chosen as part of the study. Video survey, radar gun and manual methods were used for data collection. The analysis is using non-parametric tests for the various variables which were coded and extracted from the collected data. Specific outcome of this study include analysis of the driver and pedestrian behaviour and the characteristics that contribute to yielding of drivers. The observations showed 28.71% soft or rolling yield and that yield of the driver depended on speed of the vehicle, and assertiveness of the pedestrian.

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The Transition Process and Associated Benefits of Industrial Clusters in Ghana, the Case of SME’s Entrepreneurs in Western Region[ ]


This article is part of an ongoing research on the transition process and it associated benefits regarding industrial clusters in Ghana, specifically the case of SME entrepreneurs in Western Region. Although there is an increase in knowledge that SMEs are centre of every industrial improvement, systematic plan of action aimed at supporting the SMEs have most often fail. Successful stories about SMEs exist but are rare and this causes pauses for concern. Many researchers have established that industry cluster brings several benefits effect in countries that are industrialized. Therefore it suggest that all inclusive activities which is geared towards successful transitioning and clustering of SMEs in Western Region is adhered to because it helps boost performance and strengthen entrepreneurial activities of a cluster in general. Finally the paper talked about the benefits Western Region stand to gain if cluster policies are implemented.

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Fixed fuzzy point theorem in metric spaces and its applications to fuzzy differential equations[ ]


In this paper, we prove a fixed fuzzy point theorem for fuzzy mapping in a complete metric space and give applications to fuzzy differential equations.

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An investigation of performance versus security issues in Cognitive Radio Networks[ ]


Cognitive Radio (CR) is introduced in order to alleviate the problem of Spectrum shortage whereby unlicensed users are allowed to coexist with licensed users to utilize the spectrum band. Studies have shown that more than 75% of spectrum remains unutilised by the licensed users; this motivated the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in 2010 to approve a new law that allows unlicensed users equipped with CRs to co-exist with licensed users and have access to spectrum band opportunistically without disrupting the licensed users operation. This allows the efficient utilization of spectrum band.

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An Analysis on Emissions from Ocean Going Vessel: Effective and Efficient Methods to Reduce Ship Emission[ ]


Shipping sector is a key contributor to emission, as more than 85% of global trade is transported by around 90,000 ships of various types viz., tankers, container ships, bulk carriers etc., which uses category-3 marine compression ignition (CI) engine (Power output: 2500 to 70000 kW) that contributes significantly to air pollution. One of the most significant air pollution sources are ship-generated emissions. Ship emission results in acidifying the ocean and fundamentally changing its remarkably delicate geochemical balance. The average pH at the ocean surface was increased from 8.1 to 8.2.Emission control technologies available for category-3 engines are limited. Highly dense and viscous residual fuel oil (RFO) emits high ash, SOx, NOx (20-50%) and PM (750-1250%) as compared to distillate fuel.Statistical analysis on emission is donefor various ships that usedifferent fuels.The purpose of this paper is study various emission control techniques to reduce NOx, SOxand other pollutants. Emission data onboard SagarManjusha was collected to analyze the concentration of each pollutant and to arrive at suitable remedial measure to mitigate.

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Placement of TCSC for Analyzing the Performance of Transmission System by using Hybrid GA-PSO and DA-PSO[ ]


This paper investigates power flow analysis incorporating a firing angle model based TCSC. In this paper firing angle model of TCSC proposed to control the voltage at which it is connected. In same manner firing angle model for TCSC is used to control active power flow of the line to which TCSC is installed. The proposed models take firing angle as state variable in power flow formulation. In these paper optimization methods GA-PSO AND DA-PSO are proposed for finding the optimum location and firing angle of TCSC. In that, the location of the device is optimized by GA or DA and the optimized firing angle is done with PSO. Because of the two different Optimizing techniques are used to solve single objective function. The proposed optimization is an effective method for finding the optimal location of TCSC device and also increasing voltage profile and reducing the power system losses in the line. This Hybrid GA-PSO AND DA-PSO is tested on IEEE 14 and IEEE 118 bus test systems and simulation results are presented.

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Transition of the Pension System In the Republic of Macedonia[ ]


During period of transition of the entire socioeconomic system in 1990s, pension system was also transformed. This article is following and analyzing the trajectory of transformation of Pension System in Republic of Macedonia. And its consequences for rights of pensioners from one hand and for stability of the pension system form other hand.

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LEASING AS A SOURCE OF FINANCING OF COMPANY WITH PARTICULAR ACCENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA[ ]


The aim of the paper is to emphasize the advantages of the agreement for financial leasing with regard to the operational leasing, as well as with regard to the agreements for loan, credit, lease and sales, but at the same time to underline the existing risks upon using the leasing. This paper is also aimed at illustrating the condition of the agreement on financial leasing in the country, its growing tendency, but also the measures that need to be undertaken in order to further develop leasing activity. The main issue of this paper is whether there is tendency of increasing the agreements for financial leasing and of course to explore the reasons that increase the percentage of the agreement for financial leasing, in contrast to the agreement for credit, whether there are risks upon using the leasing, and the measures that need to be undertaken towards further enabling legal certainty of the agreements parties in the agreement for financial leasing.

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An Experimental study on self compacting concrete[ ]


Self compacting concrete is a flowable concrete mixture with excellent strength and durability properties.It can be able to flow under its own weight and it is able to compact itself without any additional vibration or compaction effort.It completely fills formwork and makes it suitable for filling even in the presence of congested reinforcement. The mix design and testing methods are different compared with ordinary concrete. But wide spread applications of Self Compacting Concrete have been restricted due to lack of standard mix design procedure. However getting high strength self compacting concrete is simple compared to medium and low strengths. In this paper an attempt has beenmade to develop self compacting concrete for some grades (M15, M20, M25 and M30) by using Ordinary Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, fly ash as a mineraladmixture and Master Glenium SKY 8630 as a combination of super plasticizer and viscosity modifying agent. Various trail mix proportions have been done to satisfy the workable properties of SCC.The fresh properties of self-compacting concrete such as slump flow test, slump flow T50cm test, L-Box test and sieve segregation resistance test were conducted and checked against EFNARC guidelines. Further, compressive strength at the age of 7 and 28 days is determined for SCC by adopting the trial and error approach mix proportioning.

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Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Vignaradiataat three growth stages on seed germination and seedling growth of Vignaradiata, Zea mays and Abelmoschusesculentus[ ]


Allelopathic substances from plant affect seed germinationand seedling growth at different growth stages. Vignaradiata contains allelochemicals that inhibit growth of many agricultural crops. A study was conducted at the experimental farm of Institute of Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, to investigate the effects of Vignaradiata on the germination of seeds and seedling growth of Vignaradiata, Zea mays and Abelmoschusesculentus. Vignaradiata, Zea mays and Abelmoschusesculentus seeds and seedlings were subjected to 10% concentration of the fresh plant aqueous extracts at different stages (vegetative, flowering and maturity and distilledwater as control).

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Model Based Clustering In Time Series With Bivariate AR(P) Model[ ]


Time series data is ubiquitous and is available in many fields including medicine, metrological studies, finance, oil and gas industries and other business domains. Mining of time series data has been the subject of research for decades. The clustering and classification together is needed for efficient and effective mining applications. In clustering, the first step is to obtain the number of classes and then cluster the whole data into those classes. The clustering algorithm is developed by utilizing model building techniques for proper identification of the data set to its associated cluster. The approaches to clustering time series can be classified as model based or model free. The model based approaches assume some form of underline generating process, estimating the model parameters and then perform clustering based on the sample information. In this paper, we develop an algorithm for clustering bivariate time series using autoregessive model of order (p). The initial clusters are found using K-means algorithm and the model parameters are estimated using the EM algorithm. The clustering algorithm is developed by utilizing component maximum likelihood. The performance of the developed algorithm is evaluated using real time data collected from a materialogical station. A comparative study of the proposed algorithm is made with the existing data mining algorithm that uses univariate autoregressive process.

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Case Study of Accidents Related to Fall from Height in Indian Coal Mining Industry: An Analysis[ ]


The accident rate of the Indian mining industry has been declining in recent years in number only. However, the fatality and injury rate in mining is also unacceptable like other safety critical industries. Taking 2014 as an example, there were 84, 30 and 5 fatal accidents involving 87, 32 and 5 fatalities in coal, metal and oil mines, respectively. Similarly in the year 2013 there were 82, 57 and 3 fatal accidents in coal, metal and oil mines respectively. Fatality due to fall from height is less, it’s about 9% during the period 1973-2014. But when cause of serious accidents were considered its percentage increased to 45% during the same period. Invariably such falls of person from height results in serious injury or some time tragic death. In this paper, 41 years’ fatal and serious accident data from Indian coal mines were analyzed from 1973. The rate of serious accident shows a random trend from 1993 to 2014. Though all the serious accidents were reported, investigated and recommendation were made for preventing recurrence, there is no further reduction in the total serious accident rate as well as serious accident due to fall from height in last 21 years which reveals the gaps in our safety management system, working procedure, investigation procedure etc. An effort has been made in this paper to highlight the gaps through accident data analysis and a real case study. Lessons were learnt and suitable control measures are taken to ensure that similar accidents will not recur.

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Processing Techniques and Productions of Ductile Iron: A Review[ ]


Ductile cast irons are materials having strength, impact toughness and ductility comparable to those of many grades of steel while exceeding by far those of standard gray irons. In addition, they have the same advantages of design flexibility and low cost casting procedures of cast irons. Their corrosion resistance is equal or superior to that of gray cast iron and cast steel in many corrosive environments. Its wear resistance is comparable to some of the best grades of steel and superior to gray iron under heavy load or in impact situations. They are considerably less expensive than cast steels to produce and only moderately more expensive than gray cast irons because the procedures are similar. The combination of good mechanical properties and casting abilities of ductile cast iron makes it economical choice for many applications. Practical examples are valves, pumps, cylinder liners, crankshafts, metal working rolls, dies, gears, process equipment and structural applications. This paper reviews the process techniques and applications of ductile cast irons.

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A Comparative Study of Artificial Neural Networks and Multiple Linear Regression by Predicting Human Development Index[ ]


Predicting Human Development Index is very crucial for every country since it’s the measure of its economical and social development and measures where it stands when compared to other countries. This paper compares the Artificial Neural Network and Linear regression based approach in predicting the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI measures the county’s development using four criterias as proposed by the United Nations (UN): Life Expectancy at Birth, Mean years of Schooling, Expected Years of Schooling, and Gross National Income per Capita. We outline the design of the Neural Network model and the multiple linear regression model with its salient features and customizable parameters in this study. The final test of the algorithms was on currently available HDI values, provided by the UN. The results of this experiment indicated that the neural network based approach can predict HDI with a best case accuracy of 95.3% and Linear Regression with 89.33%.

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CFD Predictions of Induced Fluid Forces and Dynamic Coefficients for a Compressor Eye Seal[ ]


Labyrinth seals are widely used in gas compressors to reduce internal leakage and increase the compressor efficiency. Due to the eccentricity between the rotating impeller and the stationary part as well as the shaft whirling motion, forces are generated when the leakage flow passing through these seals. These driving forces act on the rotor and may modify its dynamic stability. Thus, accurate predictions of these forces become a very important task for compressor rotordynamic designs. This paper presents tri-dimensional CFD investigations to simulate driving forces and dynamic coefficients of an eccentric labyrinth seal generally used as a compressor eye seal. The seal has five tapered teeth fixed on the stator and the work fluid is air. The model accuracy has beencompared to previous Bulk Flow and CFX resultson the same seal. These comparison results concern the pressure distribution along the sealas well as radial force components at zero preswirl. Moreover, results about pressure distribution in the circumferential direction and velocity vectors are presented. Aditionally, a parametric study has been conducted to show the effects of the whirl frequencyalong with three inlet swirl velocities(negative, zero and positive) and three high shaft speeds on the rotordynamic characteristics of the seal. Obtained results show that zero or moderate negative inlet swirl velocities are benifical from a point of view dynamic stability of the seal and therotordynamic coefficients have to be considered whirlingfrequency-dependent at high rotor speed rates.

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Intensity Analysis of Tropical Cyclone using Dvorak Technique[ ]


The tropical warm Indian Ocean, like the tropical North Atlantic, the South Pacific and the NE Pacific, is a breeding ground for the disastrous tropical cyclone (TC) phenomenon. TCs are accompanied by very strong winds, torrential rains and storm surges. Historically, in terms of loss to human life, the Bay of Bengal TCs have accounted for deaths ranging from a thousand to three hundred thousand. It is now a well known fact of climatology that about 5 to 6 TCs occur in the Bay of Bengal prominently during the pre-monsoon season (March-April-May) and the post-monsoon season (October-November-December).Nearly 5 percent of the global TCs form in the Bay of Bengal. The maximum frequency is in the two months of May and November. This paper contains descriptions of designed to be used with visible, enhanced infrared and digital infrared data. The analysis techniques all use cloud feature measurements and rules based on a model of tropical development to arrive at the current and future intensity of a tropical cyclone. The model describes tropical cyclone development in terms of day by day changes in the cloud pattern of the storm and its environment.The enhanced and digital infrared techniques, when applied to storms of cyclone strength, rely almost entirely on measurements of the “eye” temperature and the temperature of the clouds around the eye for the intensity determination.When visual pictures, or infrared pictures of weaker disturbances, are used for the intensity analysis the cloud feature measurements are usually more subjective and more complex. The analysis involves the appearance of the clouds forming the cloud system center and those encircling the center as well as measurements of these features. Methods used to forecast tropical cyclone development and weakening and also include a recently developed technique that uses cloud feature indications of changes in the westerly jet stream to forecast changes in tropical cyclone intensity.

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