Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2016 Edition


Publication for Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2016.

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Design of non-polarizing Antireflection Coating in visible Range 300-800 nm[ ]


We demonstrate a special construction stacks that produce design non-polarizing AR coating. This stacks allowing design tilted V-type AR coating and tilted broadband AR coating. In this paper, designed non-polarized broadband anti-reflection coating that have the same reflection for both S-and P-polarizations for a specific range of incidence angles, can be achieved. With the aid of a matrix formula design a double layer and multilayer non-polarizing anti-reflection coatings in visible range (300-800 nm) illustrated.

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Discovery and Characterization of TAS-4: A Potent and Selective Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 positive allosteric modulator im-proves movement in rodent models of Parkinson's disease[ ]


Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a very serious neurological disorder, and current methods of treatment fail to achieve long-term control. Previous studies suggest that stimulation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) represents a promising new approach to the symptomatic treatment of the Parkinson’s disease (PD). Preclinical models using both agonists and positive allosteric modulators of mGluR4 have demonstrated the potential for this receptor for the treatment of PD.

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Should companies start monitoring labor standards within their global supply chain?[ ]


Globalization and the dissemination of industry supply chain to developing nations have incited a savage civil argument over how best to enhance work measures in these developing focuses of production. Child labor, unsafe working conditions, exorbitant working hours and poor wages keep on being an issue at numerous manufacturing plants in different nations, making outrage and shame for the worldwide brands that source from those factories. Given the constrained limit of numerous countries governments to implement their own particular labor laws, multinational organizations have built up their own "codes of conduct" for suppliers, and in addition an assortment of checking instruments went for upholding consistence with these codes. Checking for consistence with sets of accepted rules is as of now the key way that both worldwide partnerships and work rights nongovernmental associations address poor working conditions in worldwide production network processing plants.

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The Base (or bottom) of the pyramid strategy[ ]


The Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) is a financial idea that permits us to group that boundless portion in abundance of around four billion of the world's poorest nationals constituting an undetectable and under-served business sector hindered by challenging hindrances that keep them from understanding their human potential for their own advantage, those of their families, and that of society's on the loose. In fact, an individual from the BOP is a piece of the biggest, however, poorest group of the world's populace, who live with not exactly $2.50 a day and are avoided from the advancement of our globalized enlightened social orders, including utilization and decision and additionally access to composed financial services. One of the unquestionable achievements in this procedure is the blast of the Microfinance business saw in numerous parts of the world.

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Multi-Cell Virtual MIMO System in LTE[ ]


This paper is to evaluate the system level performance of LTE uplink and presents some evaluation methodologies. Joint orthogonal user grouping, proportional fairness scheduling and open loop power control are evaluated in Virtual MIMO single carrier -frequency division multiplexing access (SC-FDMA) systems. Open loop power control is proposed to use in the uplink of LTE. Simulation results show that open loop power control can improve the system throughput, lower system interference condition and satisfy the fairness criterion among users.

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Prediction of Sulphur Deposition at the Wellbore of a Sour Gas Reservoir[ ]


Sulphur deposition, most times, has been attributed to reservoir sour gases. Sulphur deposition as a solid has often resulted in plugging reservoir pore spaces available for gas flow and reduces the reservoir productivity in sour gas reservoirs. Reduction in reservoir pressure causes elemental sulphur to precipitate out of the reservoir fluid and is deposited in the formation. In this work, a mathematical model depicting sulphur solubility and saturation at certain reservoir pressures and temperatures was developed using Chrastil correlation. The gas density was determined from the general law at reservoir conditions and the gas compressibility factor was determined at a certain reservoir conditions using Abu-Elkassem correlation by iterations using FORTRAN. The gas properties were considered to change as the reservoir pressure declines. As compared to the previous models, the viscosity of the natural gas was estimated using the accepted correlation method. Along with the fact that the model predictions showed that Sulphur deposition in the reservoir caused a severe loss in reservoir porosity and effective permeability, leading to a reduced gas production rate; the result also showed that the viscosity of the non-hydrocarbon has a great influence which contributed to an overall reduction in Sulphur saturation of 85-89% at a radial distance of 1ft from the wellbore after 100 days of constant gas production.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROCESS FLOW CONFIGURATIONS FOR ETHANOL DEHYDRATION[ ]


Air pollution as a result of smoke from vehicles is one of the leading sources of these greenhouse gases hence ways of reducing smoke (CO, SO2, etc.) Produced by automobile became main objective to researchers. One of the ways of reducing this smoke from automobile is by mixing the fossil fuel used by these automobiles with ethanol to produce gasohol which is more environmental friendly. Production of this gasohol makes ethanol to become highly demandable and it’s of high energy intensive. This work focuses on determining ethanol dehydration process of less energy intensive. Three different configurations of azeotropic distillation of ethanol dehydrating process were modeled using Aspen Hysys (version 7.1) with benzene as the entrainer. Anhydrous ethanol of 99.5% concentration was obtained. When the three configurations were compared to each other using their rate of energy consumption as the criteria,the configuration with the least total energy of 2.176*107Kj/hr was taken as the best case configuration. The effects of the four process parameters were investigated on the best case configuration and also were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal points conditions generated by the design expert (RSM) were used to simulate the best case configuration, and the optimized total energy of the process is 1.8826*107Kj/hr which when compared with the total energy of the best case configuration (2.176*107Kj/hr), 13.5% of the total energy of consumption was saved. The RS-Model process configuration (optimized model) shows third (Cubic) order polynomial and are significant models with high R squares.

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Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity[ ]


Disaster recovery is a policy which is derived by an organization to help in the recovery or protection from a natural or man-made disasters. The disaster recovery tends to cater the IT infrastructure of an organization while the business continuity tends to cater all aspects of the business. Disaster recovery planning could help in saving a lot of money and energy of an organization. There are different sort of control measures which are needed to be taken by an organizations for disaster recovery i.e. Preventive measures, detective measures and corrective measures etc. A disaster recovery planner should undertake a number of strategies to prevent and control the damage from a disaster.

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Nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in Basra Medical and dentistry Students[ ]


Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major human pathogen which has long been implicated in some life threatening condition. It can cause community acquired and hospital acquired infections. The infection usually proceeds by colonization of S. aureus. In addition to that the risk of healthy individuals to get the infection from the carriers (community acquired) is increasing problem. So in order to insurance a good quality of patients care continuous and regular surveillance schedule is essential. The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of S. aureus carrier frequency among students in Basra medical college and Basra Dentistry College. A total of 100 nasal swabs were collected. 50 swabs were from Basra medical student (32 male and 18 female) and 50 swabs were from Basra Dentistry students (33 male and 17 were female), were subjected to bacteriological investigation following standard protocol. S. aureus isolates were identified by mannitol fermentation and coagulase positivity. Highest nasal colonization rate was found among medical student (39.5%) while represented 18.4% in dentistry students (P>0.05). Highest positive rate was observed among male than female and in clinical student than the preclinical students of both college. In conclusion these results indicate that both dentistry and medical students might have been contaminated with S. aureus during clinical practice which may act as a source of infection to the other individuals which May leads to many complications like increase the rate of nosocomial infection and multiple drug resistance.

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Binary Image Compression Algorithms for FPGA Implementation[ ]


In this paper, we presents results concerning binary image compression algorithms for FPGA implementation. Digital images are found in many places and in many application areas and they display a great deal of variety including remote sensing, computer sciences, telecommunication systems, machine vision systems, medical sciences, astronomy, internet browsing and so on. The major obstacle for many of these applications is the extensive amount of data required representing images and also the transmission cost for these digital images. Several image compression algorithms have been developed that perform compression in different ways depending on the purpose of the application. Some compression algorithms are lossless (having same information as original image), and some are lossy (loss information when compressed). Some of the image compression algorithms are designed for particular kinds of images and will thus not be as satisfactory for other kinds of images. In this project, a study and investigation has been conducted regarding how different image compression algorithms work on different set of images (especially binary images). Comparisons were made and they were rated on the bases of compression time, compression ratio and compression rate. The FPGA workflow of the best chosen compression standard has also been presented. These results should assist in choosing the proper compression technique using binary images.

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AN INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE BY PARTIALLY REPLACING SAND WITH CUPOLA SLAG AND OPC WITH FLY ASH[ ]


Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as stricter regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching properties of industrial waste and finding solutions on using its valuable component parts so that those might be used as secondary raw material in other industrial branches. Besides that the reduction in the sources of natural sand and the requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to identify substitute material to sand as fine aggregates in the production of concretes especially in Concrete. One of the major environmental issues is the large quantity of waste industrial waste resulting from the industrial sector which is deposited in domestic waste and in landfills, this is harmful to human. Considering the specificity of physical and chemical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in other industrial branches and in the field of civil constructions, this paper demonstrates the possibilities of using cupola slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. In this present study cupola Slag is used to replace fine aggregates from 0% to 50% and fly ashis used to replace OPC from 0% to 35%. Concrete cubes, cylinders and beams were cast and their compressive strengths, tensile strength and flexural strength respectively evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days.

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Biological and chemical control of grapevine die-back disease and their effect on defense related enzymes[ ]


Three bio-formulations i.e., Rhizo-N, Plant gaurd and Bio-Zeid with six concentrations were tested in vitro against Lasiodiplodia theobromae-B isolate the causal of grapevine die-back disease. Rhizo-N followed by Bio-Zeid was respectively more effective than Plant guard in reducing the growth of L. theobromae-B isolate. Spraying the three tested bio-formulations on grapevine shoots at the same time of infestation with L. theobromae-B isolate was effective in reducing the die-back infection at 7-28 days post infestation. Results indicated also that Rhizo-N was more effective than others when applied at 7 days pre infestation. Also, all tested fungicides were effective in reducing the growth of L. theobromae, in vitro. The best effective ones were Topsin-M70 and Kema-Z at low and high concentrations while, Bellis and Captan were effective at high concentrations only. On the other hand, all tested fungicides i.e. Kema-Z.50%, Topsin M-70 and Kocide-2000 were effective in controlling grapevine die-back infection when sprayed after or before artificial inoculation with L. theobromae under greenhouse conditions. Also, all bio-formulations and fungicides treatments increased activities of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and Chitinase compared with control treatment.

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Scheduling to Minimize Makespan on Identical Parallel Machines[ ]


Reducing production time is an important factor for companies which their main objectives are to maximize profits and minimize costs. To achieve these objectives one must follow the scientific methods for scheduling production time. This paper studies the Makespan Minimization for Identical Parallel Machines. The problem involves an assignment number of jobs (N) to a set of identical parallel machines (m), when the objective is to minimize the makespan (maximum completion time of the last job on the last machine of the system). In the literature the problem is denoted by ( ). The objective of this study is to find the optimal schedule (solution) for identical parallel machines scheduling problems, by using hypothetical situation under defined assumptions and constraints. Algorithms are developed and used in this paper to represent and solve the problem. Integer Linear Programming model (ILP) is used to formulate the problem. Longest Processing Time algorithm (LPT) is used to find (generate) the initial solution, then the developed algorithm is used to improve the initial solution. The solution of the algorithms are coded in MATLAB. The results demonstrated that, the mathematical modeling and the algorithms are powerful tools and are more effective for these kinds of problems, compared with traditional methods.

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English as a Second Language in Saudi Arabia[ ]


The research will be focusing on the History of English language in Saudi Arabia. Also, it shows the importance of the language in different fields including; business companies, hospitals and education. It discusses the Materials and the methodologies that used to teach English language in Saudi Arabia schools in the previous years.

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Social Media Marketing: Issues and Impact on Companies and Customers[ ]


This paper explores the concept of social media marketing (SMM) in many aspects. It discusses the beginning of the SMM idea and how companies use it efficiently and effectively in order to carry out better results in all areas. It also includes different types of social networks, the marketing model and metrics for social media marketing. Additionally, it explains the impact of SMM on companies and people. The focus will be on the benefits it brings to businesses and customers who are exposed to it. Furthermore, it includes opinions of many experts about SMM, how it may change in the future and how it will affect companies in the way they operate to succeed in the industry. At the end, I will include my thoughts and opinions about what business should consider in order to implement successful marketing strategies, with a brief conclusion.

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The Functions of public relations[ ]


This paper is about the Functions of public relations, such as contact, media relations, search, planning Improve mental image, crisis communications and Campaigns. The reason of choosing this topic is because many people do not exactly know what public relations is about, and they also do not know the work of public relations.

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An improved one-step synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines via a nano-sized MCM-41-SO3H -catalyzed three-component Hantzsch reaction under solvent free conditions[ ]


An efficient and eco-friendly protocol for the one-step synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines using the nanosized MCM-41-SO3H -catalyzed Hantzsch three-component reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate is developed. The reaction was performed under mild conditions with good to excellent yields in the absence of any byproduct. As an innovation, the present study makes use of green and solvent free conditions for this reaction. Furthermore, the present method offers several other advantages such as simple work up, a remarkable reusability of the catalyst, and short reaction time (1.30-2.30 hour).

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TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE EFFLUENT USING TREATED BAGASSE[ ]


This research work is aimed at the investigation of the reduction of concentration of heavy metals from industrial Effluent water using sulphuric and acetic acid treated Bagasse. This was achieved by varying the concentration of the acids between 0.3M - 0.6M. This report discusses the treatment of Bagasse and the methodology of treating the industrial effluent water using the treated Bagasse as an adsorbent. The treated water samples were analysed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of heavy metals present after treatment. The results obtained shows that 0.3M-0.6M sulphuric and acetic treated Bagasse were successful in the reduction of the concentration of heavy metals, with 0.4M-0.5M sulphuric and acetic acid treated Bagasse been the most effective because it has the lowest concentration of heavy metals after treatment and this implies that more active sites were opened for adsorption at this concentration. This research work has proved that treated Bagasse is an effective adsorbent in the reduction of the concentration of heavy metals in industrial effluent water.

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OPTIMIZATION OF SYNTHESIS GAS (AUTOTHERMAL) REACTOR IN METHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESS USING NATURAL GAS AS FEED STOCK[ ]


Optimization modeling and simulation of the autothermal reactor in the methanol production process was effectively done using the quasi –Newton scheme of optimization in Aspen Hysys 2006.5. The primary variables selected for this modeling were heat flow value of the following: Steam1;steam2; coolant1; coolant2; coolant3. After running the process optimization simulation, total cost was minimized from $1365.26 to $1266.754 while the net revenue, which is the profit was maximized from $60978 to $61077.3, tallying with our optimization goal which is; maximizing reactor profit while minimizing the reactor cost.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACTION OF PECTIN FROM WET AND DRIED PEELS USING WATER BASED AND MICROWAVE METHODS[ ]


This research effort aim at determining the effect of drying on the extraction of pectin from lemon peels. Two methods were used to extract pectin from lemon peels namely: the water base extraction method and the microwave extraction method. These methods were carefully carried out on both the fresh and the dry peels samples. First, the samples were washed, partially dried for the fresh peel and completely dried for the dry peel. Sulphuric acid was used in setting the pH of the solutions to 1, 2 and 3 in the water based extraction method while the use of Ethylene DiamineTetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) were used to set the pH to 1.5 and 10 respectively for the microwave extraction method. The solvent systems were then treated with the pectin samples at different times and temperatures to obtain varying results.

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Determination of a Heteroclinic Orbit in a Second Order Nonlinear Differential Equation[ ]


In this paper, initially, we discussed about the presence of heteroclinic orbit which is a typical kind of solution curve in a second order nonlinear differential equation by determining the explicit equation of the heteroclinic orbit. Then we added a nonlinear damping term (which contains a parameter) to the system and examined the presence of heteroclinic cycle at the zero value of the parameter by determining the stable and unstable manifolds at the saddle points.

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A Parallel Multi Objective Optimization Genetic Algorithm Gene Feature Selection on Microarray Based Cancer Classification Using Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System[ ]


Feature selection has played a very important role in the field of data mining and machine learning. The high performance parallel and distributed computing is used for gene expression analysis and finding the thousands of genes simultaneously. The classification and validation of molecular biomarkers for cancer diagnosis is an important problem in cancer genomics. The microarray data analysis is used for extracting the biologically useful data from the huge amount of expression data to know the current state of the cell. Most cellular processes are regulated by changes in gene expression. This is a great challenge for computational biologists who see in this new technology the opportunity to discover interactions between genes. In this research we propose a Parallel Multi Objective Optimization Genetic Algorithm for Gene Feature Selection and the best features are evaluated by Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System classifier. More importantly, the method can exhibit the inherent classification difficulty with respect to different gene expression datasets, indicating the inherent biology of specific cancers

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A Robotic Manipulator tracking and catching 3D flying objects[ ]


This paper elaborates the tracking and catching 3D flying object using a robotic manipulator. For getting the desired output requires to clear these three problems: to predict the trajectory path of the flying object coming towards the manipulator, to find out the catching configuration, and adjust the arm according to that. In this paper, we focus on estimating the possible trajectory paths accessible by the two link robotic manipulator with gripper connected. After the designed trajectory paths are given to the robot arm, the gripper attached to it moves according to that trajectories. (Department of Control and Automation, VIT University, Vellore, India.)

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Discrete PID Control Scheme for a Hard Disk Drive ServoMechanism[ ]


The paper proposes a discrete time PID controller for a hard disk drive servo mechanism. The control objective is to precisely move the read/write head of a hard disk with minimum overshoot and settling time. For this application, a discrete time PID control scheme has been designed guaranteeing a system response close to that obtained through implementation of a continuous time PID control. The performance and robustness of the system is evaluated after implementing the control schemes. A continuous time PID controller is designed initially to understand the performance of the system before the design of discrete controllers. Finally, a comparison is made among the controllers keeping in view of the requirements of the plant. Simulation results validate that the discrete PID controller offers better results than the discrete PI controller.

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An introductory approach to virtual sensors and its modelling techniques[ ]


In Control System Industry with the advent of electronics, new control strategies and regulatory requirements have led to the use of numerous kind of physical sensors for advanced diagnostics requirement. The critical inputs from the physical sensors controls the performance of the entire control system. Though these physical sensors are of great importance, they are expensive and failure of these components can lead to devastating effects. So this approach covers the virtual modelling of these physical sensors to avoid the inventible failures.

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Energy, Entropy and Exergy Concepts and Their Roles in Thermal Engineering[ ]


Energy, entropy and exergy concepts come from thermodynamic and are applicable to all fields of science and engineering. Therefore, this article intends to provide background for better understanding of these concepts and their differences among various classes of life support systems with a diverse coverage. It also covers the basic principles, general definitions and practical applications and implications. Some illustrative examples are presented to highlight the importance of the aspects of energy, entropy and exergy and their roles in thermal engineering.

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A Combinational approach towards Multioriented Videotext Detection and Recognition[ ]


Video text detection, extraction and recognition is an important prerequisite for the high-level semantic information understanding and con-tent-based Video analysis tasks.Inevitable computer vision based loopholes such as cluttered background, inconsistent colors and arbitrary orientations pose interesting challenges in video text content extraction and understanding.A Novel approach towards detection and recognition of Multioriented Videotext is proposed in the present paper. Initially fast and effective Morphological procedures are applied for text region detection followed by Maximally Stable Extremal Regions(MSERs) extraction procedure.MSER detected Text regions are further verified by Covariance Matrix feature extraction based method.Also a novel Watershed and Threshold based videotext binarization method for Video text recognition is proposed.Operability and accuracy of proposed system are evaluated on the standard datasets results which successfully confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.

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How would you define power? How is it different from leadership?[ ]


Experts look at power and associate it to distinguished aspects within organizations. We can take a gander at power, authority, influence and authority all alone. When we consider power, which is the capacity to accomplish something the particular way you need it done by any methods important. Leadership is gaining so as to motivate individuals to do what's required appreciation from devotees and doing it willfully. They will do it for the advantage of all regardless of the fact that it's for your own particular increase the length of they think your justified, despite all the trouble. Leadership is frequently characterized as social impact. That makes authority paltry and instrumental: individuals utilizing their impact to achieve bunch objectives.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOBASE - LUBRICANT FROM LOCUST BEAN SEED OIL[ ]


This project is based on the modification of locust bean seed (parkiabiglobosa) oil to soothe its use as a biobased resin. This bio-resin was used to produce lubricant as a case study of its reactive ability. The locust bean seed oil was extracted by solvent contact and epoxidized using hydrogen peroxide . The epoxidised oil was analysed for the viscosity, iodine and oxirane values. The viscosity was determined at different temperatures for the purpose of use as a bio-lubricant. The oxirane values were determined at varying quantities of hydrogen peroxide. The effect of temperature and quantity of peroxide on Iodine values was also analysed. The modification was successful because epoxidized locust bean seed oil (ELBSO) maintained high viscosity at high amount of peroxide.

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If you were hired as a Management consultant for a organization that is known for being unethical in the past, what solutions would you provide for them as it pertains to creating an ethical environment within their organization?[ ]


Ethics in the working environment are vital, even to small entrepreneurs. No organization needs to be known as unethical, and employees are more well-suited to show higher confidence and more efficiency when they know they are working for an ethically solid organization. It is critical to make a reliable working environment that is transparent, both to employees and additionally the overall population. Small firms ought to never endure wrong conduct in an employee and employees ought to be legitimately prepared on what is viewed as unethical and unethical. Set an illustration for your workforce. With the end goal employees should carry on in ethical way, they have to realize that they are working for an ethical manager. They will be a great deal less inclined to show indications of unethical conduct in the event that they realize this kind of conduct won't go on without serious consequences or overlooked.

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The Base of the Pyramid Strategy and its Benefits to a Multi-national Firm[ ]


The report identifies that bottom or the base of the pyramid strategy. There is explanation of the pyramid strategy and how it affects people in the world. It can be used to understand the number of people earning certain amount as their income especially in the developing nations where there is origin of some of the multi-national companies. The report explains more about the business venture at the base of the pyramid and its opportunities in handling poverty in the developing nations and focuses on making profit. It explains how the multinational enterprises base their pyramid market on their income level.

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What factors create and sustain an organization’s culture? How important is the role of organizational leaders?[ ]


It is imperative for every employer to share the vision of the organization with the employees. The values should be shared with each and everyone working with the organization. It should be sufficiently basic or made sufficiently transparent that everybody in the organization can comprehend them and get adjusted to them. The employees coming on-board should embody these values. Regardless of how gifted a man is, whether you don't believe that the individual would be a social fit in the organization, oppose the enticement and don't make an offer. The general population you hire are your ambassadors for society, they will be the samples for the following arrangement of hires.

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What is equity theory? Why do organizational leaders and the human resources department have to pay close attention to this?[ ]


At the point when individuals feel reasonably or profitably treated they will probably be motivated; when they feel unreasonably treated they are exceptionally inclined to sentiments of offense and demotivation. The way that individuals measure this feeling of decency is at the heart of Equity Theory. Adams' Equity Theory recognizes that unobtrusive and variable components influence an employee’s assessment and view of their relationship with their work and their boss. The theory is based on the conviction that employers get to be de-motivated, both in connection to their job and their boss, in the event that they feel just as their inputs are greater than the output. Employees can be relied upon to react to this is distinctive ways, including de-motivation, decreased exertion, getting to be disappointed, or, in more amazing cases, maybe even troublesome.

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Evaluation of Infant and Young Children Feeding (IYCF) program[ ]


Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the world with six million malnourished children, 41% stunting, and 16% wasting across a population of 156.5 million. Feeding practices clearly impact nutritional status; breastfeeding is generally widespread in Bangladesh but often initiated late. In 2009, Alive & Thrive Infant and Young Children Program (IYCF), developed community based activities that were started to improve breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. Breastfeeding was common in Bangladesh in the first 2 years of the baby’s life but there was delay in initiation, prelacteal feeding, and non-exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months.

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