Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2015 Edition

Publication for Volume 6, Issue 7, July 2015.

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ANALYSIS OF SRAM MEMORIES[ ]


Area reduction and leakage current reduction are among the major area of concern in today’s CMOS Technology. SRAM is a most common embedded memory for CMOS ICs and it uses bistable latching circuitry to store a bit. This paper provides comparative analysis on performance of different SRAM cells - 6T,8T and 12 T by considering layout, power and current values. The simulation output is obtained by using HSPICE tool.

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Automated Notify for Vehicle Using Arduino and Android Application[ ]


With the development of modern technology and Android Smartphone, Smart Driving is gradually changing peoples life. Bluetooth technology, which aims to exchange data wirelessly in a short distance using short-wavelength radio transmissions, is providing a necessary technology to create convenience, intelligence and controllability. However, this paper looks into the development of an ANDROID application which is interfaced with vehicle hardware and subsequently to display call name, location, message on the hardware using bluetooth module.

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QTL mapping for Aluminum (Al3+) toxicity tolerance in two sets of Reciprocal Intro-gression Lines in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)[ ]


Aluminum toxicity is one of the major environmental constraints limiting rice growth and productivity. To overcome that constraint the genetic study of rice crop-tolerance against Al toxicity is a one of the best approaches to save the time and efficiency. The core objective of the experiment was to identify QTLs for aluminum toxicity tolerance in introgression lines of rice. The experiment was conducted in hydroponic environment with two sets of reciprocal introgression lines derived from the cross of 02428/Minghui63 in japonica 02428 background (02428-ILs) and indica Minghui63 background (MH63-ILs) to evaluate aluminum toxicity tolerance (ATT) at the concentration of 1.5 mmol L-1 at the seedling stage. The relative root elongation (RRE) was recorded as tolerance-criterion. Furthermore, the two sets of RILs were genotyped by 384 evenly distributed SNP markers developed by the two parents. The parent 02428 has greater ATT than that of MH63. In total, fourteen QTLs for all environments on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12 including nine QTLs detected in both populations. Among them, four stable QTLs (QRl1b, QRl2, QRl9 and QRL10) on chromosome 1, 2, 9 and 10 were commonly detected in both backgrounds. The preliminary QTL mapping of ATT will provide useful information for further fine-mapping and marker-assisted selection for rice improvement of Aluminum toxicity tolerance (ATT).

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Energy Efficient Alternate Hydraulic System Called TejHydroLift[ ]


This paper describes a new more difficult efficient Hydraulic System which uses lesser work to produce more output

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Evaluation of Wastewater in Drainage Network of Al-Kut City, Iraq by Using GIS Techniques[ ]


With the increase in urbanization and degradation of the urban environment, sanitation is becoming a predominant challenge within the short run. High resolution satellite imagery gives the first conception of polluted drainage sites, whether by the river or in residential areas. This helps in studying the seriousness of pollutants and their causes. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the pollutants in wastewaters received at pump stations in Al-Kut city in Wasit governorate, Iraq by using GIS data and techniques. Water samples were collected from 24 geo-referenced pump stations distributed within the studied area before being discharged into the river. Three water samples were collected in each of the following months: February, March and April in 2015. Samples were analyzed for (BOD, COD, PO4-, NO2-, NO3-, TDS, TSS, H2S, and EC). The spatial distribution of these pollutants within the studied area was carried out using Ordinary Kriging (OK). The results revealed an increase in the concentrations of the studied pollutants when compared with Iraqi standards. The mean concentrations were: 247.54, 8.96, 0.59, 2.92, 1557.58, 232.79, 21.55, 2164.58, and 283.63 mg l-1 for BOD, PO4-, NO2-, NO3-, TDS, TSS, H2S, EC and COD, respectively. These concentrations were attributed with the human activities and land use in the studied area.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Polymer Matrix Nano Composite for Biomedical Applications[ ]


Hydroxyapatite is chemically similar to the mineral component of bone and teeth. A novel nano composite involving nHAp/polymer matrix has been successfully synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method at room temperature. The purpose to synthesize such nano composite is to respect to suitable biocompatibility, bioactivity, cytotoxicity and mechanical properties. The FTIR spectra of nHAp/polymer matrix indicated significant intermolecular interaction between the various vibrational modes corresponds to phosphate and hydroxyl groups. The results of XRD, TGA/DTA suggested that the crystallinity and thermal stability of the nHAp/ polymer matrix peaks have decreased and increased respectively. The size and morphology of the sample were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).

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FABRICATING FLOATING STONE FOUNDATION “PROTOTYPE FOR ADAM’S BRIDGE”[ ]


Have you heard about Adam’s bridge which is also known as Ramsetu bridge.The bridge between the sri lanka and rameshwaram of india. In order to study the properties of stone utilized in this bridge,We develop a fabricatingl floating stone and a fabricating floating stone foundation.The floating stone have a floating property upto the weight of 50gm and it has a compressive strength of 16.5 mpa and the floating foundation has a self weight of 2.9kg and it takes a weight upto 1.025 kg on it without sinking.

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A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS (ICA) IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN FACES[ ]


Biometrics is the computer based validation of a person’s identity and is becoming more and more essential due to the increasing demand for high security systems. The objective of this work is to implement and assess the performance of independent component analysis technique in the characterization of human faces. The ICA is implemented using MATLAB 7.0 package which defines the input layer, the hidden layer and the output layer of the network. The Independent component analysis is an array of higher order statistical neurons which learns by examples through a training process before it can function in its area of application. The face recognition code was also trained and tested using cropped face images of 50×50, 60×60, 70×70, 80×80 and they all have the same recognition rate which is 100%. In conclusion, face detection and recognition using independent component analysis is a robust and reliable method.

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Modeling Cargo Ship behavior in Extreme Rough Weather Condition[ ]


This work is on the study of rough weather on the speed and fuel consumption of the ship. Rough weather increases the re-sistance of the ship and thus results in speed loss which may be voluntary or involuntary speed loss. This effect results in increased power which will be needed to overcome the resistance and thus increasing the fuel consumption. To attain desired speed in rough weather, the best combination of low resistance and high propulsion efficiency should be attained and the use of weather routing device. Taylor’s standard series contours and ATTC-line along some empirical formulas were used to estimate the various components of ship resistance, Effective Power, Brake Power and Mass of fuel consumed. The rough weather was simulated using perturbation wind speeds of 30knots, 40 knots and 47 knots typical values obtainable in Indian Ocean. The behavior of the variation was similar across the four parameters RT, PE, PB, and MF investigated. However there was always a noticeable shift in the curve in a manner that suggests that the parameters increase with increase in wind speed.

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Image Fusion using Transformation & Edge Detection & Filtering[ ]


Fusion of images is an important concept and can be used in a wide variety of applications, especially in the enhancement of images taken from satellites. Although there are various techniques through which images can be fused. Image Fusion is an integration of more than two images so that the invisible or blurred part of the images is visible in the resultant image. Guided filtering is a technique of filtering images so that the fused image is an enhanced image. But the technique implemented for the image fusion is not efficient in terms of fused ratio and the technique is not feasible for all type of images. Hence an efficient technique is implemented here which uses the concept of image enhancement using DWT and canny edge detection, after both the images gets enhanced the resultant images are fused to get the final fused image.

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Assessments of Environmental Sensitivity to Desertification in North Sinai, Egypt Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques[ ]


Desertification is a complex phenomenon which reduces the soil fertility involving ecological and economic processes that characterise the environment at different geographic scale. The MEDALUS model identifies regions that are environmentally sensitive area (ESAs). In this model, different types of ESAs to desertification can be analyzed in terms of various parameters such as landforms, soil, geology, vegetation, climate, and human actions. The studied area is located in the northern part of the Sinai Peninsula in arid and semi-arid region and third of its area is exposed to the threat of desertification with attention turning to the increasing area of deserts on Sinai, it is necessary to first identify areas liable to desertification before identifying mitigation and control measures. For this purpose it is necessary to prepare a desertification map as a guide for planners. In this study to evaluate the desertification condition regarding to local conditions of the study area, six indices of water, climate, soil, vegitation, management and wind erosion erosion were selected and assessment of desertification condition was conducted Based on these indices, weightening and MEDALUS model. The results showed that climate quality (CQI) with Description (Low quality), (VQI) with Description (Very low quality) and Management quality index (MQI) with Description (Moderate) have the highest effects. Soil quality index (SQI) (Moderate to High quality) have the lowest effect on the desertification process in the study area. Desertification Sensitivity Index (SDI) Almost Sensitive to Very sensitive areas ( 21-78% ) of study area was located in the desertification.

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BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF GLYCINE ON SPASTICITY IN THE HUMAN[ ]


The glycine was administered to 50 patients male and female with spasticity diagnosis (caused by vascular disease or traumatic brain injury) with 46 years average, during 360 days. Was determinated their weight before and after of treatment, observed an increased of 11% in the corporal weight. The muscular clinic examination showed a significant increased (p<0.05) of 75% in the Ashwort Scale. The dynamic electromyography showed a significant increased (p<0.05) in the motor active units per second in all muscles of superior extremity like biceps before treated an mean 106.58±23.11, at 360 days the mean was 229.4±15.1. In lower extremity the anterior tibialis muscle at the start presented a value of 92.16±25.01, the mean al 360 days was 180.2±15.3.

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The different use of epistemic and root modalities in academic written discourse genres by Iranian authors , in accordance with the writers’ identity (gender)[ ]


This research aimed at study the different use of epistemic and root modality between Iranian male and female authors , as the application of these modalities is different according to the identity (gender) of the authors. So the present study attempted to explore the issue of gender in academic written papers by analyzing the type and frequency of epistemic and root modality . To do this , this study applied Quirk (1985) model for analyzing and identifying these elements. 40 research papers in the field of applied linguistics were reviewed in this study. (20 written by non-native Iranian female and 20 written by non-native Iranian male authors ). This research examined whether there is a difference in the use of such modalities by male and female non-native Iranian authors. The significance of difference in the distribution of these elements in academic papers written by non-native Iranian female and male writers was assessed by statistical chi-square technique. The results of this study showed a significant difference in the overall distributions of these modalities but no significant difference was considered in the categorical distribution of epistemic and root modalities. Based on the findings of the current study , these elements of modality were useful for having effective writing and successful writer-reader interaction.

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MODEL FOR STAND DENSITY MANAGEMENT IN OBAN FOREST RESERVE, NIGERIA[ ]


Management tool is needed for thinning regime and maximum volume growth for effective forest management. Stand density management model was developed for Oban Forest Reserve, Cross River, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted for the study. The sampling procedure was made up of primary, secondary and tertiary sampling units of size 40m x 50m (0.2ha) were measured for diameter at breast height dbh ≥ 10 cm. Results showed that the average total stem volume/ha and basal area/ha in Oban forest reserve were 797 m3 34.67 m2 respectively.

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Preparation and Characterization of Barium Strontium Titanate BaxSr1-xTiO3 (with x=0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9) by a Solid-State Reaction Method[ ]


BaxSr1-xTiO3 solid solutions were prepared by solid-state reaction from barium carbonate, strontium carbonate and titanium dioxide raw materials. Four compositions with x =0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 have been investigated. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The perovskite type and polycrystalline structure of the BST samples were revealed by X-ray diffraction data. The morphology, grain size distribution, porous structure and elemental composition of the sintered ceramics were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. The variation of dielectric constant and dielectric losses with frequency variation were studied at room temperature.

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Advanced Spare Wheel Carrier[ ]


In the conventional mechanism spare tires in buses are often stored in a spare tire well – a roof carrier area above the roof a vehicle, usually in the center, where the spare tire is stored while not in use. In most buses, the spare tire is not secured with a bolt and wing-nut style fastener. While this is still the most commonly used method for storing the spare wheel in a commercial vehicle such as bus, trucks etc. There are many disadvantages of this method. In order to overcome the disadvantages of this conventional mechanism we have designed and developed an ‘Advanced spare wheel carrier’ which can be used to store the spare wheel(s) in a vehicle. This mechanism uses electrically powered motor to lift and lower the spare wheel and has a suitable locking mechanism to lock up the spare wheel in the spare wheel bracket after the change of tire; it is also strategically located at the bottom of the bus to facilitate easy and safer tire changing. Proper selection of the Stepney bracket results in the lowest overall tyre changing cycle, reduced waiting time for travelers, No hard work for driver and reduces stress, & strategically located spare wheel bracket which facilitates easy and safer tire changing. Further, we have also developed CAD drawing and full scale working model to illustrate design features, feasibility and working of this model. We were also able to reduce the overall tire changing time from approximately 90 minutes to 30 minutes.

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A Study Report on Breast Cancer in Women[ ]


As most of us look ahead into what we expect for our future, we will envision a life of good health, success and family. What if the health factor was not good? What if the woman in the family became ill with one of the most uprising and terminal illnesses. Breast cancer is a type of cancer which develops from a mutated gene. “One in 10 American women who live to be 70 develops breast cancer, with more than 180,000new cases diagnosed each year.” (Predicting breast-cancer, MSNBC Health News) Most of us, when thinking of the future do not take into account the idea of becoming ill. Yet today, this is indeed an issue that needs attention as early in life as possible. Doctors who work with breast cancer patient are now recommending that women as young as 15 and 16 years old should start with self-examination. But how effective is the self-exam, and other forms of early detection, and does it really help to save women from the disease? This is a question we hope to address in the following research.

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DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MEANDER LINE ANTENNA FOR LTE BAND[ ]


LTE is a standard for wireless data communications technology and an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standards. Meander line antenna (MLA) is the most usage of antenna that use in LTE. This paper proposes an electrically two type of small-size antenna that is based on the meander antenna structure that operates in the 2.4 GHz band of LTE. These types are MLA with different length and different thickness and log periodic MLA of vertical segment .Designs are optimized to improve radiation efficiency up to 80% , remove the ripples Which represents the simple loss of power and the band width up to 130 MHz.

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Nano-CdS/ porous silicon heterojunction for solar cell[ ]


Nanostructure CdS thin film was fabricated by flash deposition technique. X-ray diffraction patterns exhibit small peaks with a hexagonal phase and the value of average grain size is about 9.603 nm. The optical transitions in nanostructure CdS film is direct transition and the value of optical energy gap is about 3.96 eV. The current-voltage characteristics of the CdS/PS solar cell under dark conditions show that forward bias current variation approximately exponentially with voltage bias. The capacitance for Nano-CdS/PS Solar Cell decreases with the increase of the reverse bias voltage and with the increasing of etching time of nPS layers, the value of built- in potential for heterojunction increases with the increasing of etching time of PS layers.

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Kinetic and Isotherm Studies of Copper Removal by dicalcium phosphate dihydrate[ ]


Adsorption of Cu (II) ions by the dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) from dilute aqueous solutions was studied. This adsorption is influenced by many physico-chemical parameters like contact time, pH and the initial concentration of the metal ion. The kinetics shows that the extraction equilibrium is fast, it is reached after 45 mn when over than 34% of metal is extracted. The amount of metal adsorbed per unit mass of the support increases with increasing pH of the metal solution and decreases by increasing the initial concentration of Cu2+ ions in the supernatant solution. The kinetics data was analyzed with various kinetic models. It was found that the pseudo-second order model using the linear regression method predicted best the experimental data. Furthermore, the adsorption process was modeled by Langmuir isotherm and the removal capacity was 362 mg/g. Indeed, the separation factor value (RL = 0.133) indicates that the adsorption of copper on DCPD is favorable.

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In vitro Propagation of Anacardium occidentale L. through Embryo Culture[ ]


An efficient and highly reproducible plant regeneration protocol has been developed from mature embryo of Anacardium occidentale. The recalcitrant nature of cashew has contributed to the limited success records in its in vitro culture. Browning of explant in cashew was found to be due to the oxidation of phenolic compound by polyphenolic oxidase enzyme present in the tissue when excised. In the current study, it has been reduced through the addition of activated charcoal, fast subculture passages and dark treatment. In vitro cultures of zygotic embryos were carried out on various media (Murashige and Skoog medium, Woody Plant medium) with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Maximum percentage of embryo germination and healthy plantlet formation was observed on WP medium containing 25mg/l 2,4-D and 10mg/l BAP compared to MS medium. In vitro developed plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to soil. In vitro mature zygotic embryo culture thus allows for the production of cashew seedlings that can be transferred to natural orchards.

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Privacy preserving approach for VANETs using Mutation technique of genetic algorithm[ ]


Vehicular ad-hoc networks are particularly useful and well-suited for critical scenarios including road-accidents and in emergency situations. When operating in vicious or suspicious enviornment, VANET requires communication security and privacy,especially location privacy.Most of the applications in VANET like warning messages, collision avoidance messages require exact location of the vehicle. This information available in the network can be used by an adversary to track a vehicle.We need a preventive approach because lack of privacy may act as barrier in the acceptance of VANETs.This paper presents an algorithm inspired from a concept of genetic algorithms to compute the validity of the algorithm and gauge the performance of work.We analyze privacy in and performance of the algorithm by computationally finding the correlation factor. Result has shown that this approach achieved sufficient degree of privacy in the network.

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Geotechnical and Mineralogical Studies on the Expansive Soil at Qena Region, Egypt[ ]


Expansive soils are found in many arid and semi-arid areas in worldwide such as Australia, Canada, China, India, North Africa and the United States. Egypt as a country from north Africa has a lot areas having expansive soil. Qena governorate which is situated at 594 km south Cairo has adequate land area for expansion and being an important industrial, commercial, educational and tourist center in the Upper Egypt region. In Qena, there are several areas where this kind of problematic soil exists in the form of variable-thickness layers in the developed regions, such as new Qena city, Qeft city and El-Salheya area. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate some of engineering properties of expansive soil in El-Salheya area which is situated at 2km east Qena governorate where development has a promising future. Representative disturbed samples were taken from two sites in this area. Three samples were taken from each site at depth 1.5m, 3.0 m and 4.5 m. Different laboratory tests were carried out on these samples including, natural water content, natural dry density, grain size distribution, Aterberge limits, unconfined compressive strength, modified proctor, free swelling, swell potential and swelling pressure. These tests were supported by chemical and mineralogical investigations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). The results of these tests showed that the clay in this area has mineral montorillonite predominantly with low to medium expansion. Also, some empirical equations are proposed to determine the expansion indices from soil properties.

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Classification of Egyptian Railway Grade Crossing [ ]


Grade crossing accidents in Egypt Railways shows that its about 6.7 accidents per million train.km, while the average grade crossing accidents worldwide are 0.65 accidents per million train.km, which is equivalent to ten times the world average[1]. Accidents rate on grade crossing represent about half the total accidents in Egypt Railways. This paper aims to safely alignment for grade crossing, avoiding accidents and the resulting losses and reaching to the necessary recommendations to achieve safe and safety on railway lines by applying the modern technology and safety systems. To realize this goal, grade crossing accidents should be studied then classifying according to the following, straitening of the grade crossing and determined the most severity grade crossing repeated accidents, fatalities and injuries. There are several factors that affect the dangerous of grade crossings, including train traffic and in this research was to find relative severity and this is more specific and then find out which one is more in need of development .

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Tidal Influence on Foraminifera Distribution in a Typical Mesotidal River; A Case Study of the Great Kwa River, Southeastern Nigeria[ ]


A study of foraminifera species distribution in the Great Kwa River revealed a foraminiferal assemblage that is sparse, poorly preserved with exotic and displaced faunas. This study further revealed that the Great Kwa River is a partially mixed (semidiurnal mesotidal) river with exotic, usually small-sized and thin walled open sea forms transported into the river through the estuary from the open ocean by tidal flow. The recovery of a large amount of shell fragments indicates that the river is characterised by a shallow shelf setting with a strong tidal influence. The foraminiferal assemblage recovered from the Great Kwa River contained arenaceous forms (Reophax spp and Karreriella spp) and calcareous forms (Globorotalia cerezoalensis and Praeglobobulimina ovata). Paleoecological interpretation of the Great Kwa River was a bit difficult due to the presence of exotic forms. Factors such as taphonomy, post- mortem transport and preservation condition in the Great Kwa River and their effect on the foraminiferal distribution were considered. The distribution of foraminifera in the Great Kwa River is similar to those found in other mesotidal rivers with influences from the estuary and open ocean.

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SUSTAINABILITY-INSPIRING INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO MAKING MONEY[ ]


Sustainability refers to the longevity of something, in this case businesses. For business to succeed in the long run, it has become imperative for them to ensure that their actions are not detrimental to the environment and that the same quality life and course of business can be maintained in the long run (Labuschagne, Brent & van Erck, 2005). Rapid urbanization, acceleration of business activities, growth in population, strict government regulations, resource scarcity, climate change and the shift in consumers towards environmentalism are some of the many factors that have given birth to the concept of business sustainability. The intensity of human activities that are harmful for the environment has accelerated over the recent period, causing substantial damage to the society as well as its inhabitants.

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Device of dynamic settings of dynamically tuned gravimeter[ ]


The paper presents a dynamic device designed to dynamically tuned gravimeter, which is driving the change speed rings gimbals through the use of electronic means of the controlled engine. Mathematical research of electric drive was completed. The developed device allowed simplifying the process of dynamic configuration of gravimeter.

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Study of Physico-chemical and Microbiological Combined Treatment of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater[ ]


The OMWW (olive oil mill wastewater) is the main liquid from olive oil mills. By its chemical composition, it has a very high polluting power. This products stemming from the triturating of olives very rich in organic matters (consisted phenolic, lipids) is often spread as is in the nature without controlled way, so exposing the aquatic ecosystems, has an inevitable pollution and degrades the quality of the circles. Our study is interested in the treatment of OMWW by combination of two physico-chemical and microbiological processes. The first treatment consists on a coagulation-flocculation revealing a decrease of the turbidity, a sludge production and an important discoloration of OMWW. The rate of phenolic compounds dejection after coagulation-flocculation using the ferric chloride and the aluminum sulfate are respectively 54 % and 64 %. The second microbiological treatment bringing in the capacities of A. Niger, C. albicans and C.tropicalis to reduce the rates of the phenolic compounds respectively of 100 %, 56 % and 78 % for diluted OMWW and also with 54 %, 27 % and 33 % for the raw OMWW. The decrease of the antibacterial activity of OMWW after the treatment by coagulation-flocculation is bound to a reduction of phenolic compounds by this process.

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