Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2016 Edition


Publication for Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2016.

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Extraction of chemical composition of volatile oil of Ferula Gummosa using carbon nanotube profile[ ]


Multi-wall carbon nanotubes were used to extract the essential oil of the Ferula gummosa stem bark through non-covalent interactions between the surface of MWCNTs and oil segments. Analyzing the absorbed volatile oil using GC and GC-MS showed that it is containing twenty-nine different compounds major compound such as β-moaliene (19.431% ) , β-Guriunene (10.23%) , Allo-aromadendrene (7.518% ) , Aromandrene (6.528% ) total compound identified is 84.903%. A comparison of the chemical composition of the oil was made with that of others methods on aerial parts of Ferula gummosa using nano tube and hydrodistillaion methods. MWCNTs were washed by water and organic solvents and they were used repeatedly. This method is a new, fast and easy method.

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An efficient algorithm for web search optimization[ ]


Information overload is the common problem in the web information retrieval system. Web search optimization is the active area of research because of size of the web is increasing infinitely. Users’ are not satisfied with the available search engine. The notion of the paper is to address an efficient algorithm for the better web search optimization which leads to user satisfaction. The research is based on link analysis technique and uses web cache and log of the users system.

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Analysis of EEG Signals for Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease[ ]


Alzheimer’s disease is a brain disturbance characterized by a progressive dementia. It is the very costly disease in the today’s society & characterized by cognitive decline, cerebral as well as behavioral action disturbance. Because of this, the early stage of the Alzheimer’s disease is detected, as it assists the patients & also his relative to take precautionary measures. As electroencephalography are useful tools in the detection of brain cognitive function in normal and aged person caused by the diseases with an excellent time resolution, EEG can be used to bring into conformity with a standard tool for diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Various monstrosities are found in the EEG signals analysis of the persons those are suffering from Alzheimer disease. Therefore, the Alzheimer Diseases in the early stage is detected. Role of EEG analysis for the diagnosis & clinical research of Alzheimer disease has become more essentials in recent decades. In present, the most crucial task consist the diagnosis of the AD & its early detection in the primary stage. The need is to improve the accuracy for the diagnosis of the EEG signal. In this paper consist of review of previous paper has been put up and some of the problem has been found out during the diagnosing AD from EEG signals.

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THE EXTRACTION OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF SOME SELECTED LOCAL PLANTS FROM ABAKALIKI AS ACID-BASE INDICATORS USING DISTILLED WATER, METHANOL AND CHLOROFORM[ ]


The extraction of the constituents of some selected local plants- Ixora coccinea, Hibiscus sabdarriffa (zobo), Baphia nitida (red and yellow camwood), Curcuma lunga (non- edible ginger) and Tectona grandis (teak leaves) from Abakaliki using distilled water, methanol and chloroform as solvents was carried out. The indicator properties of these plant constituents/extracts in acid-base media were de-termined. A comparative study of these plant extracts with available standard indicators (methyl or-ange and phenolphthalein) was done to evaluate the accuracy and workability of these plant ex-tracts as acid-base indicators. The results obtained were similar to those of the commercial/ standard indicators and showed that these plant extracts could be used as acid-base indicators for volumetric analysis for strong acid with strong base, strong acid with weak base, weak acid with strong base and weak acid with weak base media.

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Synthesis of a New Vat Dye[ ]


The importance of vat dyes especially those derived from indigo and its derivatives is still relevant and prompted this investigation. Disclosed hereby was the synthesis of a new vat dye from 2, 4- dinitroaniline which yielded a blue dye of indigo skeleton. 2, 4 dinitroaniline was treated with chloroacetic acid, in a base catalysed substitution nucleophilic bimolecular reaction using a high boiling non polar solvent nitrobenzene at a temperature above 300oC.The intermediate compound that resulted was purified and this in turn was treated with admixture sodium hydroxide-potassium hydroxide - sodamide in a 5:5:1 ratio at a temperature of 120oC to yield an indoxyl, in an intramolecular cyclization reaction. Oxidation of the indoxyl into the vat dye was brought about by treating the in-doxyl with acidified solution of Ferric chloride. The yield was excellent and the structure of this compound was established as 5, 5’ 7, 7’-tetranitroindigo by chemical evidence: ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Re-duction of this compound with sodium dithionite (sodium hydrosulphite) and the ease of air oxidation back to the original compound made it applicable as a vat dye.

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RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND ITS IMPROVEMENT IN THE YIELD OF PINEAPPLE FRUIT DRINKS[ ]


Generally, in the production of pineapple fruit drinks, factors such as reaction temperature and pressure, stiring rate and concentration of reactants are usually predominant factors with regards to the process yield, based on laboratory screening experiments. Hence, these factors can be used for improving or reducing or controlling the process yield. However, improving, reducing or controlling the process yield relies on the ingenuity of the process engineer at controlling these factors using a technique he considers suitable, such as the factorial design approach.

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ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ACCOUNTABILITY USING ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOGRAPHY[ ]


Accountability is used for a fair use in electronic services (e-services), which keep secret the ownership of the message from un-authority. The construction of this scheme is valuable in the areas of electronic commerce (e-commerce) and electronic voting (e-voting) systems. We have proposed blind signature scheme for e-commerce accountability using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). It satisfies the properties of Confidentiality, Anonymity, Integrity, Unforgeability, Authenticity as well as Non-repudiation. The security of our proposed scheme is based on ECDLP, because ECC provide strong processing power, less storage space and less power consumptions.

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STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF NOT & NAND GATE USING VARIOUS LOW POWER TECHNIQUES[ ]


For many years, designing of high speed low power circuits with CMOS technology was a difficult challenge for research community. There are various levels at which design problem related to low power and increased demand can be addressed; these levels are - software level, architecture level, algorithm level, circuit level and process technology level. The objective of this paper is to put forth different approaches that reduce the consumption of power of any random combinational logic by applying minimization techniques at circuit level. First the low power on different width & length ratio is found out. And result of best width and length ratio is used in different power consumption techniques. Several methods have been adopted at various stages of designing to reduce power consumption in the circuit; these are architecture and system level. Conventional NAND gate and NOT gate are designed and then compared with the stack NAND and stack NOT and adiabatic NAND and Adiabatic NOT using 180nm technology.

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Construction and Characterization of Solar Powered Micro-Base Incubator[ ]


In this work, micro based solar incubator was designed and constructed. It consist of a solar collector which heats water that in turn heats an incubating chamber for the process of fowl hatching. It is designed to work for 24 hours and has a built-in heat storage facility that supplies heat to the incubating chamber when there is no solar energy. Our micro based solar incubator was able to hatch egg within 20-21 days.

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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF UN-DOPED, RAFFIA PALM AND OIL BEAN DOPED LEAD CHLORIDE (PbCl2) CRYSTAL IN SILICA GEL[ ]


The optical properties of un-doped, raffia palm and oil bean doped lead chloride (PbCl2) have been studied by sol gel technique. The optical properties of lead chloride (PbCl2) materials were determined using a JENWAY 6405 UV-VIS spectrophotometer, operating at a wavelength range of 200nm to 1200nm at an interval of 5nm. It was observed that the crystals are highly absorbing in the near infra-red to the infra-red region and as such are good materials for poultry and solar energy applications. The average refractive index (η) is between 0.1 and 3.0. The band gaps are from 2.4eV to 3.0eV, showing that the materials are wide band gap materials that could be applied in high temperature, high power, and high frequency materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that the materials are highly crystalline and of nano structures.

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Silicon Substitution in Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: Preparation, Characterization and Dissolution Properties[ ]


Biphasic Calcium Phosphate bioceramics unsubstituted (BCP) and silicon substituted (Si-BCP) are prepared by solid-solid reaction. The prepared powders were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The dissolution of the ceramics was carried out in a buffer solution (pH = 4.8). The results of FTIR and the structural refinement show the formation of Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium phosphate mixtures and an incorporation of the silicon ion in the hydroxyapatite phase. The substitution of PO43- by SiO44- groups causes a reduction of the hydroxyl groups and increase the lattice distortion indice (Dind = 6.995) compared to the unsubstituted hydroxyapatite value (Dind =4.782) and the theoretical value (Dind = 3.079). This structural change increases the dissolution of BCP which enhances the biological activity of these bioceramics.

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Performances analysis of DWT for Image Compression, Registration and Fusion Techniques Using DWT in Micro Air Vehicle Applications[ ]


Micro Air Vehicle (MAVs) will play a vital role in home land security, remote sensing and surveillances. Cameras mounted on different MAVs collect various images from various angles and hence have to be registered and fused to extract maximum information. Every image captured when transmitted would occupy huge bandwidth and storage space. Thus compression, registration and fusion are three important image processing techniques that are required to be used in MAVs for accuracy and reliability. In this paper, we analyze the performances of all the three technique based on DWT. Various wavelet filters are used for analysis of image processing technique. The total computation time, MSE and PSNR are estimated for DWT based image processing. Software reference model is developed using Simulink and Matlab for analysis. Based on the results obtained, it is found that DWT based image processing achieves higher PSNR, MSE and also lower computation time and hence is suitable for MAV applications.

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Experimental investigations on exhaust emissions of high grade semi adiabatic diesel engine fuelled with cotton seed biodiesel[ ]


Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative for diesel fuel, since they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels. They are renewable, biodegradable, provide energy security and foreign exchange savings besides addressing environmental concerns and socio–economic issues. However drawbacks associated with biodiesel of high viscosity and low volatility which cause combustion problems in CI engines, call for engine with hot combustion chamber. They have significant characteristics of higher operating temperature, maximum heat release, and ability to handle low calorific value fuel. Investigations were carried out to determine exhaust emissions with low heat rejection combustion chamber with crude cotton seed biodiesel. It consisted of an air gap insulated piston, an air gap insulated liner and ceramic coated cylinder head with different operating conditions of cotton seed biodiesel with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions were determined at full load operation of the engine. The optimum injection timing with conventional engine (CE) was 31o bTDC (before top dead centre), while it was 28o bTDC for engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel. Comparative studies were made for engine with LHR combustion chamber and CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing (27o bTDC) and optimum injection timing with biodiesel operation. Engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel showed reduction of particulate emissions at 27o bTDC and at optimum injection timing over CE.

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GOD Doesn’t Play Dice[ ]


Uncertainty Principle, position, momentum, Albert Einstein, Heisenberg, GOD, Universe/Multiverse.

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STRATEGIC EVALUATION OF VENDOR MANAGEMENT THROUGH FUZZY LOGIC CONCEPT[ ]


In this paper some techniques have generated for the vendor management. There are raw material which should be supplied to the industry and by the industry to the customer as product. This management will be more emphasize to the market environment. To encounter this challenge for establishing the industry vendor management takes into account as a huge problem. In this scenario profit has used to take care of vendor management and fuzzy logic technique has applied in there to measure it. The MATLAB software is used as a tool to evaluate the vendor management.

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Migrating from Closed to Open Supervisory and Data Acquisition(SCADA) System: A Case Study of Transmission Company of Nigeria(TCN)[ ]


Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems are used to control and monitor physical processes in real time. It is specifical-ly applied to monitor and control activities from remote end covering a wide geographical area. Examples of SCADA application are found in control and supervision of devices behavior in transmission of electricity, transportation of gas and oil pipelines, water distribution, traffic lights and other systems used as bases of modern society. Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) SCADA System, being a closed system seems to be free from external threats, except perhaps the insider intrusion. In Nigeria, electricity industry deregulation has commenced and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) now generate electricity into TCN Grid. There are also bulk electricity traders buying electricity for sale through TCN network. Data from these new entrants into the industry would be remotely acquired through integration with TCN SCADA System. Integration with the existing SCADA System of TCN would likely be through public communication Network and internet, etc. Migrating from a fairly secure closed SCADA System to an open SCADA System comes with its security challenges. This paper examines the distinguishing characteristics of closed (isolated) and open (exposed) SCADA System using the Transmission Company of Nigeria as a case study.

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Feature Selection from Brain Stroke CT Images based on Binary Ant Colony[ ]


This paper proposes an automatic method to detect stroke region using Computed Tomography (CT) images. selecting a subset of features from a huge set for segmenting ischemic brain stroke in CT images , is a challenging problem . The proposed method consists of extracting 182 features and using heuristic algorithms to cope with complexity of feature selection . Ant colony optimization as one of the recent heuristic approaches is applied to the 98 brain CT scans from stroke subjects and tested by Support vector machines (SVM ) classification . The results show a good improvement in accuracy of stroke diagnosis.

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APOLIPOPROTENI E- POLYMORPHOSIS AT UREMIC PATIENTS WITH HEMODIALYSIS[ ]


The metabolism disorders of apolyproteins, recently are considered as one of the most relevant factors in the appearance of atherosclerotic, cardiovascular and cerebral-vascular diseases at the patients with renal chronic insufficiency (RCI) and those treated with chronic hemodialysis (HD) (1,2). The appearance of the dyslipidemia is noticeable since the early stages of the weakening of kidneys, therefore the examination and etio-pathogenesis of the apolyproteins, in this concrete case the Apolyprotein – E at these patients, can evidently impact on the prevention of the early cardio–cerebral- vascular and atherosclerosis diseases at the patients with renal chronic terminal insufficiency (RCTI) treated with continual hemodialysis (2).

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Comparison of restoration of carbohydrate and protein contents among different fish and other edible aquatic species, treated under different cooking conditions[ ]


Fish are rich sources of protein commonly consumed as an alternative source of protein due to higher cost of other animal proteins. This study was based on the comparison of carbohydrate and protein contents among different fish and other edible aquatic species namely rohu, katla, prawn, lobster, pomfret and hilsa after being subjected to conventional cooking methods. The carbohydrate and protein contents of cooked fish are significantly lower than those in the raw condition. These fish were subjected to conventional cooking methods like open pan dry roasting, boiling, shallow frying and deep frying, which altered their nutrient contents. Loss of nutrients mainly occurs in boiling, whereas it is better restored in deep fat frying method. The study significantly showed that cooked lobster was beneficial due to adequate protein and carbohydrate restoration compared to all other fish and edible aquatic species.

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Effect of length to diameter ratio (L/D) of pile on bearing capacity of piles buried in the silty sand under homogeneous hydrocarbon contamination conditions[ ]


Nowaday, the oil pollution has great effect on the human environment, especially the soil environment. In fact, the pollution makes changes in the geotechnical parameters such as cohesion, friction angle, dry density and permeability. this study analyze buried piles in oil con-tamination soil by using strength parameters of oil contamination silty sand soil and models it by PLAXIS and the effect of length to diameter parameter of pile on bearing capacity of pile Is evaluated. The results of this study shows the reduction in the amount of the reduction factor bearing capacity of pile by increase in the length to diameter ratio.

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A STUDY ON GROUNDWATER IN WEST BENGAL WITH REFERENCE TO OTHER STATES IN INDIA[ ]


Groundwater is prime natural resources in the earth .Not only it supported almost all types of life form to evolve, but also helped in growth of human civilization. The indiscriminate and sometimes excessive use of groundwater has led to questions regarding its sustainability. To what extent can groundwater be exploited without unduly compromising the principle of sustainable development? The sustainability of groundwater utilization must be assessed from an interdisciplinary perspective, where hydrology, ecology, geomorphology, and climatology play an important role. Shallow groundwater flow systems should be distinguished from deep groundwater flow systems; the former interact with surface water, while the latter do not. Generally, groundwater does not recycle as fast as the surface water, with rates of groundwater turnover varying from years to millennia, depending on aquifer location, type, depth, properties, and connectivity.

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Particlist Theory for Support of Combined Theory for Everything[ ]


The paper supports the Combined Theory for atomic structures. The new theory is called Particlist Theory which states that movement of atomic particles is governed by helical inertial forces which moves atomic particles in such a way that they appear to move like Wave. The theory also describes how double slit Young’s Experiment can be described by Particle nature of light alone. The Author supports the Einstein’s and Bohr’s initial opposition to dual nature of Light. Author proposes that Particlist Theory which supports Combined Theory for everything can explain everything from accelerated Expansion of Universe to discoveries of new generations of subatomic particles like quarks and leptons.

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The World of Social Media[ ]


This paper shows that in these days, most people are so occupied with their mobile devices or online games that they have, in effect, replaced face-to-face communication with electronic devices. As a result, the way that companies communicate has changed. Direct targeting, low cost, and the friendly and effective environment of social networks are the reasons which make these programs one of the best marketing tools. Those tools are going to play a great role in terms of encouraging companies to connect with their customers, ultimately adding value and driving the companies to the path to success.

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Study of predictive approach type estimator under Polynomial Regression Model[ ]


In the predictive approach, the objective of the statistician is to predict the mean of the unobserved units of the population on the basis of observed units in sample. If the product estimator is used as a predictor for the mean of the unobserved units in the population it is called predictive approach product estimator. In present paper a factor type class of estimator is developed which include predictive approach product estimator (PAPE) as a particular case. The Expression for bias and mean square error have been derived under superpopulation model. The robustness efficiency of proposed estimator under the misspecification in the superpopulation model has been observed. The effect of balancing and approximate balancing of samples on the behaviour of the estimators has been illustrated on real population data set.

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Modeling & Analysis of Transient Stability of Thermal Power Station Jamshoro Using MATLAB Simulink Software[ ]


In this paper the general ideas for transient stability analysis are given. Simulink based model of Thermal Power station Jamshoro is generated and its transient stability assessed, by considering three phase fault at one of the bus of system, with Time Domain Analysis(TDA). Simulation results are being reproduced and investigated before and after the fault.

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THE EXTRACTION OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF SOME SELECTED LOCAL PLANTS FROM ABAKALIKI AS ACID-BASE INDICATORS USING DISTILLED WATER, METHANOL AND CHLOROFORM[ ]


The extraction of the constituents of some selected local plants- Ixora coccinea, Hibiscus sabdarriffa (zobo), Baphia nitida (red and yellow camwood), Curcuma lunga (tumeric) and Tectona grandis (teak leaves) from Abakaliki using distilled water, methanol and chloroform as solvents was carried out. The indicator properties of these plant constituents/extracts in acid-base media were determined. A comparative study of these plant extracts with available standard indicators (methyl orange and phenolphthalein) was done to evaluate the accuracy and workability of these plant extracts as acid-base indicators. The results obtained were similar to those of the commercial/ standard indicators and showed that these plant extracts could be used as acid-base indicators for volumetric analysis for strong acid with strong base, strong acid with weak base, weak acid with strong base and weak acid with weak base media.

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An Investigation of Highway Structural Pavement Failures[ ]


This research aims to determine the causes of the structural pavement failures of the failed sections of Dayi-Kano Road-Nigeria with a view of providing good remediation effect. Visual condition survey was carried out to assess the types and degree of distresses on the road. Laboratory tests of Sieve Analysis, Atterberg limits, California Bearing Ratio, and Compaction were carried out to assess the particle size, water content, strength of the flexible pavement component materials. Traffic Volume Count, proportion of commercial vehicles, Maximum Dry Density, and Optimum Moisture Content were all determined. The visual condition survey shows that alligator crack was 65%, depression was 75%, reveling was 30%, edge deterioration was 44% and the distress severity was classified as slight, moderate and severe.

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Synthesis of layered double hydroxide and their application in DSC[ ]


Mg-Al/CO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) 5:1 ratio was synthesized by co-precipitation method from nitrate salt solutions. The LDH has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and TG thermal analysis. A paste of LDH and TiO2-P25 also have been prepared and used as photoande electrode in dye sensitized solar cell devices. The cells devices constructed by films of prepared composite materials TiO2-P25, Mg-Al/CO3 LDH, and mix of TiO2-P25 with Mg-Al/CO3 LDH using a N719 as sensitizer. The results showed that the device based on TiO2-P25 photoanode has the highest (Jsc=10.046 mAcm-2), (FF = 0.65) and (η =4.57%), compared to the devices based on the devices based on LDH and mix of TiO2- LDH which are gives 0.994 mAcm-2 and 1.624 mAcm-2 respectively.

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IEffect of Cell Phone Emitted Radiation On the Operation of Nuclear Electronics[ ]


The debate regarding the health effects of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation from sources such as power lines, base stations, and cell phones has recently been reignited. In the present review, we studied the radiation effects of three types of hand phone on the performance of 70% HPGe X and Gamma-ray detector in the calling mode. The interference was found at energy range 20-1000 KeV. The measurement quality of the gamma-spectra can be corrected at a wide photon energy region. The results were obtained for Vodafone and Etesalat stations. The introduced measurement must be taken into account for other nuclear devices having the same interference effect. Simulation for the probability trends of the measured gamma rays corresponding to the measurements multiplicity was given.

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ASSESSMENT OF RATE AND MAGNITUDE OF GROUNDWATER DEPLETION OF IN MAHENDERGARH DISTRICT, (HARYANA)[ ]


Mahendergarh district constitute South Western part of the Haryana state. Rainfall and canal network system are limited in this district. Therefore, groundwater is the only source to meet the demand for agriculture, domestic and industrial purposes. Proper knowledge of various parameters e.g. long-term changes in depth to water table, magnitude and rate of depletion is necessary in order to make an efficient management plan to monitor groundwater resources. These essential parameters are evaluated in the present study. Mahendergarh district in general, exhibit deeper water table. The depth to water table declined in all the block during the last decade (2004-2014) Ateli block exhibit maximum rate of decline, upto 2m/year and Kanina block exhibited minimum rate of decline (0.385 m/year). It was observed that decline in depth to water table have direct relationship with change in volume of groundwater storage and magnitude of depletion. Ateli block exhibited the maximum change in storage volume and magnitude of depletion as well. Kanina block found at the bottom of all five blocks with respect to changes in the above three parameters.

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Effect of Prophenophos and Fenvalerate on the respiratory rate of freshwater fish Channa orientalis (Schneider)[ ]


Pesticides are toxic to aquatic organisms which are important components of food chain such as fishes. The effect of Profenophos and Fenvalerate on the rate of respiration of freshwater fish Channa orientalis was observed after 24,48,72 and 96 hrs. exposure as acute treatment and 7,14 and 21 days exposure as chronic treatment . The rate of oxygen consumption of C. orientalis had been determined after exposing fishes to 13.9852 ppm and 2.7970 ppm for acute and chronic exposures of profenophos respectively and 0.7015 ppm and 0.1403 ppm for acute and chronic exposures of Fenvalerate respectively.

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Urban Floods in India[ ]


Flooding is an accumulation of water in an area either by direct rainfall irresistible to the volume of drainage systems or a spill of huge amount of water from water bodies beyond normal limits. It could be localized, impacting a small area or could be vast or massive, impacting very large area. Urban flooding is caused by heavy rainfall overwhelming drainage capacity. It already has large economic and social impacts. These are very likely to increase if no changes are made to the unplanned development of buildings and infrastructure and poor management of urban drainage. Urban floods are a great disturbance of daily life in the city. Urbanization in developing countries doubled from less than 25% in 1970 to more than 50% in 2006. By 2020, seven of the world’s ten largest economies will be from Asia. At the same time, Asia in one of the fastest urbanization regions in the world. In 2000, 37% of its population lived in cities and the proportion is projected to reach more than 50% by 2025.Across India, in the recent times, city after city has experienced floods. Through this paper, the author reviews urban flood events within India in recent past. This paper describes why it is important to study urban floods scenarios and what the need for this study is. It highlights the types and causes of the localized flooding as well as its impact and consequences. The study concludes the infrastructure and economic losses due to these urban events.

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