NCRTME 2016 - National Conference on Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering

NCRTME-2016 Conference Papers "

Nano Fluids and Heat Transfer Enhancement a Review[ ]


Superior performance and fast heat extraction coolants are crucial for increasing productivity and efficiency in many engineering fields. With ever reducing dimensions of equipment which are subjected to high heat loads the demand for high thermal conductivity coolants has reached all time high. Low thermal conductivity is major concern in current day cooling fluids. Maxwell in 19th century proposed the idea of increasing the thermal conductivity by adding solid particles to the coolant but because of the limited manufacturing capabilities, only particles with micrometer size could be produced. Suspensions with these types of particles caused abrasion of the tube wall and a substantial increase in the wall shear stress also the particle settling is a major drawback in such particle dispersed fluids . These poblems can be overcome by using particles of less than 100 nm size and such particles are called nano particles and fluid in which these particles are dispersed are nano fluids. This review paper summarises the possible mechanisms of conduction heat transfer enhancement, thermal conductivity models, modelling the thermophysical properties for forced convection applications.

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Influence of Temperature on Chemical Kinetics of Rubber Seed Oil Acid Esterification[ ]


Rubber seed oil is a potential source for biodiesel production due to its abundance. Since rubber seed oil have high acid value, direct conversion of oil to biodiesel is not possible and acid esterification has to be carried before base transesterification.The current work focusses on the kinetic study of this process, studying the temperature dependence of the process by fitting the same to an Arrhenius equation. The kinetics of the esterification of free fatty acids in rubber seed oil with methanol in the presence of sulphuric acid (5% v/v of oil concentration) as catalyst and methanol/fatty acid mole ratio 4:1 was studied for a temperature range of 30 0C - 60 0C.The reaction rate constants, the activation energy and pre- exponential factor were found out experimentally. The experimental results were found to fit a first-order kinetic law for the forward reaction and a second-order one for the reverse reaction.

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Numerical Analysis On The Effect Of Heat Transfer Rate By Varying The Tube Arrays In A Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger[ ]


Enhancement of heat transfer rate is the major requirement in a heat exchanger. Cross flow heat exchangers are the one which can give greater enhancement in the heat transfer rate and are also known for compactness. The present paper focuses on the increasing effect of the inner tube array on the overall heat transfer rate in a cross flow heat exchanger. A numerical analysis using Autodesk CFD is carried out with two different tube arrays in the exchanger. From the analysis it is found that with the increase in tube array the overall heat transfer rate has increased. Usage of the higher size of tube array have proved that the overall heat exchange has been improved.

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3D Numerical Simulation of 'Herringbone' Defective Ribbon formation in planar flow melt spinning process[ ]


The Puddle region where the molten metal is held by surface tension in the gap between nozzle and wheel is subjected to motion at the meniscus, which can lead to thickness variations that appears as casting lines or marks along the width of the ribbon. Many types of defects may be present on the surface of melt spun ribbon which include dimples, herringbone, waves, striations, etc. The wavy feature spanning the width of the ribbon which appeared periodically is discussed using 3D Numerical simulations. 3D Wheel along with the air domain is considered as the computational domains. VOF, energy and momentum equations are solved in the numerical simulation of two phase flow in the domains. Consistent with experimental observations, Herringbone formation is observed on the ribbon surface during 3D numerical simulations attributed to the pinning of Upstream meniscus of the puddle to the nozzle slit edge.

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On The Evaluation of Best Fit Hyper-Elastic Model for Sandwich Beam with SB Rubber Core[ ]


The response of the system to the subjected to disturbing loads and vibrations can be controlled in many ways depending on weather active or passive vibration control. If the structure happens to be stiff enough then it would compensate for all vibration levels as its fundamental frequency is generally considered high. In the present scenario structures tend to be as light as, can be achieved at the expense of necessary lowering of stiffness even more than the mass is reduced, so that resonance frequencies often emerge where excitation frequencies are high. Layered composite beams that contain a damping core has been widely used in automotive and aerospace and even house hold electronic equipment to reduce the vibration effect. Analytical and numerical calculations on sandwich beams are cumber some. Therefore FEA software is widely used to solve the problems. An attempt is made to model three layered sandwiched beam with a rubber core exhibiting hyperelastic behaviour for which static and dynamic characteristics were found out,through which the most effective mathematical model is evolved at.

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DOE Analysis Applied for Enzymatic Transesterification of High FFA Rubber Seed Oil[ ]


Biodiesel production from non-edible oils with high free fatty acid content using biocatalyst was investigated in the present study. Pancreatic Lipase in the form of free powder was used as catalyst for the transesterification of rubber seed oil. The effect of reaction parameters such as catalyst concentration, water concentration and oil to acyl acceptor molar ratio were studied. The experiments were designed and analyzed using the statistical method Design of Experiments. The analysis shows that water concentration has significant effect on percentage of biodiesel conversion from vegetable oil.

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Analysis of Tool Wear in End Milling of AISI 1018 Steel[ ]


Tool wear increases cutting force, vibration and temperature in end milling and reduces surface finish of machined work piece. In this paper, a statistical model has been developed to predict the tool wear in terms of machining parameters such as spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The experiments were conducted on AISI 1018 steel by high speed steel end mill cutter and tool wear was measured using tool maker’s microscope. This paper studies the application of taguchi design to optimize tool wear in end milling. The direct and interaction effect of the machining parameters with tool wear were analyzed, which helped to select process parameters in order to reduce tool wear which ensured quality of milling.

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Experimental Investigations on Mechanical behavior of Al2O3 and Graphite Reinforced Aluminium Hybrid Metal Composites by Stir Casting Process[ ]


In the present work an attempt has been made to synthesize metal matrix composite using 6063 Al as matrix material reinforced with Al2O3 and Graphite particulates using liquid metallurgy route in particular stir casting technique. The addition of reinforcement graphite is maintained 3% as constant and the alumina is varied as 6%, 9% and 12%. For each composite, reinforcement particles were preheated to a temperature of 200° and then dispersed in steps of three into the vortex of molten 6063 Al alloy to improve wettability and distribution. Micro-structural characterization was carried out for the above prepared composites by taking specimens from central portion of the casting to ensure homogeneous distribution of particles. Hardness, tensile and microstructure of the prepared composite were determined before and after addition of Al2O3 and Graphite particulates. Micro-structural characterization of the composites has revealed fairly uniform distribution and some amount of grain refinement in the specimens. Further, the hardness, tensile strength properties are higher in case of composites when compared to unreinforce 6063 Al matrix. Tensile strength of 12 wt % of Al2O3 composite got maximum value is 79.335 mpa. The optical micrographs of 9 wt % of Al2O3 composite produced by stir casting method shows fairly uniform distribution of Al2O3 particulates in the 6063 Al metal matrix, when compared to the 6 wt % of Al2O3 and 12 wt % of Al2O3. The Vickers hardness of 12 wt % of Al2O3 is 49.5HV higher than that of the 6 wt % of Al2O3 is 40.6 HV and 9 wt % of Al2O3 is 46.1 HV

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A Case Study on Modifications made in Traditional Indian Biomass Cookstove to Increase its Thermal Efficiency[ ]


The need for an energy efficient biomass cookstove which can replace household LPG stoves is eminent in today’s energy crisis scenario. Hence the utilization of biomass energy in the form of pellets (sawdust, garden waste, etc.) can be used as a fuel to run the cooking stove to replace conventional fuels (LPG).The previous cookstoves manufactured by various industries in India were less energy efficient.The main objective behind this case study is to modify these stoves in such a way that they would be more energy efficient, less harmful to living beings as well as user friendly.

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Experimental investigation of Machining Parameters for Electrical Discharge Machining on Al-6061[ ]


The Electric discharge machining process is finding out the effect of machining parameter such as discharge current, pulse on time. Using Copper tool a well-designed experimental scheme was used to reduce the total number ofexperiments. Parts of the experiment were conducted with the L16 orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratios associated with the observed values in the experiments were determined by which factor is most affected by the Responses of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR).

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Investigation on Influence of drilling parame-ters on Thrust force and Torque - Based on Design of Experiments[ ]


Drilling, a hole producing process is especially important because it accounts for a large portion of overall machining operations. Amongst all machining operations, drilling using twist drill is the most commonly applied method for generating holes for riveting and fastening structural assemblies. It is well known that the drill point geometry has a significant effect of the thrust force of a twist drill. The present research initiative in an attempt to investigate the relative significance of the drilling parameters such as point angle, spindle speed, feed rate and drill diameter on the thrust force and torque using Taguchi design method. Drilling operations have been conducted over a wide a range of cutting condition. Spindle speed varied in the range 350 rpm to 750 rpm in 3steps, Feed rate varied from 0.3 to 0.6mm /rev in 3 steps. HSS-R (DIN 338) two flutes uncoated conventional twist drills of 3 different diameters (8, 10 and 12mm) with 1180 point and 450 helix angles. Drill bits tool geometry altered by tool&cutter grinder and obtained 1100, 1000 point angles without changing helix angle. Drilling was performed on rectangular bars of Alluminium 7075, 2014 and 6061 alloy work pieces of size 300mmx50mmx10mm with dry condition as per taguchi L27 orthogonal array. A kistler (type 9272), four components (FX,FY,FZ and MZ) dynamometer was used and the signal was processed by a type 5070 multichannel signal amplifier unit (Kistler 5070 type) was used to record the thrust force and torque. Finally, confirmation test has been carried to compare the predicted values with the experimental values to confirm its influence of parameters on thrust force and torque.

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Kinematic analysis of a SCARA robot for deburring of rectangular paths[ ]


SCARA (Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm) is a popular manipulator used for the applications like pick and place, loading and unloading, assembly, etc. In the recent time SCARA is also applied for deburring, 3D printing, etc. The present work objective is to analyze the kinematics of a SCARA robot where its application is deburring of rectangular paths, it is assumed that the forces encountered between the end effector and workpiece are negligible. In the present work SCARA robot is modeled in NX, using motion simulation, kinematics are analyzed and also mathematical analysis of the SCARA robot is done using MATLAB. Later a comparison is made between the NX CAD simulation and mathematical analysis using MATLAB, and concluded with reasonable arguments.

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Experimental Study on Temperature Evolution during Friction Stir Welding of 2014-T6 Aluminum alloy, Structure-Property Correlation[ ]


This study aims to measure the temperature at a location very near to the stir zone during friction stir welding of 6mm thickness 2014-T6 Aluminum alloy under different process parameters like weld speed, tool pin profile of varying concave shoulder radius of R3 & R3.5 at constant tool rotational speed. Thermo couple of K-type is inserted in the pre-grooved hole of 2.5mm diameter on the advancing side of the work piece at a distance of 6mm from the centre line of the two plates to be joined. The location is selected such that, it is at exactly half the length of the work piece. The welded joints were made such that they are free of internal defects. Temperature was measured using the thermo couple during FSW at specified location on the work piece in the welding direction. To study the effect of tool pin profile, temperature measurements were made in the region adjacent to the rotating pin, close to the nugget in the thermo mechanical affected zone (TMAZ). Experimental results shows that by increasing the tool rotation speed, temperature rises to a maximum using concave shoulder radius of R2.5 mm, due to larger contact area increasing the heat input required for sufficient plasticized deformation thus improving the mechanical properties. It is observed that during FSW extensive deformation is experienced at the nugget zone and the evolved microstructure strongly influences the mechanical properties of the joints.

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Extraction of fuel from waste plastics and performance analysis in a CI Engine[ ]


The present work involves the synthesis of a petroleum-based fuel by the catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics. Catalytic pyrolysis involves the degradation of the polymeric materials by heating them in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of a catalyst. In the present study different oil samples are produced using different catalysts under different reaction conditions from waste plastics. The synthesized oil samples are subjected to a parametric study based on the oil yield, selectivity of the oil, fuel properties, and reaction temperature. Depending on the results from the above study, an optimization of the catalyst and reaction conditions was done. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the selected optimized sample was done to find out its chemical composition. Finally, performance analysis of the selected oil sample was carried out on a compression ignition (CI) engine. Polythene bags are selected as the source of waste plastics. The catalysts used for the study include silica, alumina, Y zeolite, barium carbonate, zeolite, and their combinations. The pyrolysis reaction was carried at polymer to catalyst ratio of 10: 1. The reaction temperature ranges between 400°C and 550°C. The inert atmosphere for the pyrolysis was provided by using nitrogen as a carrier gas.

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Temperature Field Dependent Variation Computational Method for Non-Fourier Heat Conduction in Thin Film Semiconductor[ ]


In recent years, the Dual Phase Lag (DPL) heat conduction equation proved itself to be one of the best choices for predicting both ob-served micro scale and macro scale effects in the case of non-Fourier heat conduction in the micro/nano-scaled semiconductor devices and structures. In this publication, based on the Flow field Dependent Variation (FDV) methodology, we present a unique finite differenced Temperature field Dependent Variation Computational Method for characterizing and resolving the one dimensional DPL heat conduction equation for Silicon thin film resembling a micro-electronic structure subjected to a suddenly applied spatial temperature gradient at both the boundary ends. The uniqueness of this computational method is that at every time step, the matrix coefficients of finite differenced governing partial differential equation (PDE) based on FDV theory will change as the local adjacent spatial and temporal Temperature field changes and will correspondingly modify the governing PDE to solve the appropriate physics that are going on at each grid points. This work initiates the development of such local temperature based computational strategies for the numerical simulation of non-Fourier DPL heat conduction that will facilitate the optimized thermal stability and design of miniature transistors and circuits in the semiconductor industry

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Fuzzy Logic in HVAC for Human Comfort[ ]


With the exponential increase in the use of cooling device, the air conditioning systems are becoming an essential part of our day to day life. Data suggest an exponential rise in the use of air conditioners in urban as well as rural India. With the increase in the usage of air conditioners, there is a simultaneous increase in the electrical power consumption. In this paper a design has been proposed considering various input parameters and applying Fuzzy Logic System to the Air Conditioner. By considering the input parameters we can greatly modify the functioning of the AC and reduce the electrical energy intake of the AC compressor/Fan while utilizing all available resources in the efficient manner.

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Hydrocarbon Refrigerant mixtures as an alternative to R134a in Domestic Refrigeration system: The state-of-the-art review[ ]


The objective of this paper is to present review on the alternative refrigerants used in the domestic refrigerators to have better performance with minimum losses. This paper give the summary and range of various refrigerants used in the domestic refrigerators. of global warming which affect the environment by the use of refrigerant, and our aim is to reduce the effect of global warming as well as optimize the performance of domestic refrigerators by using the latest refrigerants. This review paper represents the recent developments done in domestic refrigerator. Performance of refrigerator is increased by using different refrigerants. R134a is used in domestic refrigeration and other vapor compression system. R134a is having zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and almost good thermodynamic properties, but it has a high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1300.The higher GWP due to R134a emissions from domestic refrigerators leads to identifying a long term alternative to meet the requirements of system performance, Therefore it is going to be banned very soon for environmental safety. Some new refrigerants is been found by researchers which are environmental friendly refrigerants having low GWP and low ODP. Hydrocarbon refrigerants particularly propane, butane and isobutene are proposed as an environment friendly refrigerants. After reviewing the various literatures on the hydrocarbons (R290 and R600a) refrigerants and their mixture gives good performance in small capacity domestic refrigerator to replace R134a.

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A REVIEW OF HYDROGEN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO DI DIESEL ENGINES[ ]


The restoration of energy and ecological effect of fossil fuels are hopful interst in the study of alternative fuels for internal combustion (IC) engines. The scope of hydrogen fuel in cupious amount and the near zero pollutants in its combustion are making hydrogen an attractive option. However, strange properties of hydrogen, high flame speed, high calorific value and low density.In this study, a diesel engine is operated using hydrogen diesel dual fuel, where hydrogen is introduced into the intake manifold using an LPG-CNG kit and pilot diesel is injected using diesel injectors. The performance of engine increased when compared with conventaional diesel engine with increased break thermal efficiency and reduced emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), unburn hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (Nox). In this review focused on injection timings, injection duriation, performance and emission charecterstics of hydrogen combustion.

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Influence of Process Parameters of Single Point incremental Deep Drawing Process for Truncated Pyramidal Cups from 304 Stainless Steel using FEA[ ]


For 304 stainless steel sheet, the single point incremental deep drawing process has been simulated using finite element analysis software code and Taguchi experimental planning. The process parameters are blank thickness, step depth, tool radius and coefficient of friction for the truncated pyramidal cups. It has been found that the step depth and tool radius are highly influential in controlling the formability of cups.

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Low Heat Rejection Engine Coating Materials: A Critical Review[ ]


The Low Heat Rejection Engine (LHR Engine) is a technology, which minimizes heat loss to the coolant by providing heat resistance in the heat flow to the coolant. The use of coating in the automotive industry has been found to yield a significant effect on the efficiency of engines. The challenge for Automobile is present emission norms that demands engine for green environment with high perfor-mance and low emission. The depletion of fossil fuel resources at a faster rate in the present world of economic competitiveness is generating an essential demand for increase in efficiency of internal combustion engines. Higher the operating temperature more will be the efficiency of the system. However, such higher temperatures demand for enhanced temperature resistant materials to be used. This paper presents a review on the various aspect and usage of thermal insulating materials (commonly known as thermal barrier coatings).

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Experimental Analysis of TIG Welding and Comparison between Activated-TIG and TIG on Duplex Stainless Steel (2205)[ ]


In this study the welding process was conducted using the TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding technique. TIG is used very commonly in areas, such as rail car manufacturing, automotive and chemical industries.Duplex Stainless steel (2205) is extensively used in industries as an important material, because of its excellent corrosion resistance, higher yield strength and hardness. In the present paper an attempt is made to understand the effect of tungsten inert gas welding by varying input process parameters such as gas flow rate , welding speed and welding current, that are influences on mechanical properties such as strength of weld joint, microstructure and hardness by using taguchi technique (L9 orthogonal array). The experimental analysis has been studied to produce better weld quality and higher productivity and comparison of Activated TIG welding with TIG welding.Activated TIG welding can increase the joint penetration. SiO2 is used as a flux in this work and comparing weld joint penetration and weld depth to-width ratio. By using best clamping method, the angular distortion of weld plates has been avoided.

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Influence of Ethylene Glycol and Water Mixture Ratio on Al2O3 Nanofluid Turbulent Forced Convection Heat Transfer[ ]


Experiments have been undertaken with Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol and water mixture of ratios 60:40 and 40:60. Theo-retical analysis have been undertaken in the turbulent range of Reynolds number to determine the effect of liquid mixture ratio on Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, nanofluid temperature gradient and enhancement ratio. The heat transfer coefficients with 60:40 mixture ratio is greater than the values with 40:60 mixture ratio. The determination of Enhancement Ratio for liquid mixtures could not depict the experimental observations. The temperature gradient decrease with increase in nanofluid temperature. However at 30oC, higher gradients are observed with 40:60 mixture ratio; while at 70oC the values are lower compared to 60:40.

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Influence of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Properties of AL-7075 Alloy[ ]


Welding of non-ferrous materials like aluminum, magnesium, copper etc, is difficult with conventional welding process as they are affected by oxidation. Friction stir welding (FSW) appears as a promisingly ecological weld method that enable to reduce material waste and to avoid radiation and harmful gas emissions usually associated with fusion welding processes. The welded joints are mainly affected by the rotational speed and transverse speed of the tool during welding this paper deals with the study of friction stir welding of Al 7075 Alloy with different speeds and feeds.

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Incorporation of LVDC concept in IEEE Recommended Practice System for Interconnecting DERs in Secondary Distribution System[ ]


Electrical power, in the short span of two centuries, has become an indispensable part of modern day life. Even a temporary stoppage of power can lead to relative chaos, monetary setbacks, and possible loss of life. Power outages can be especially disastrous when it comes to life-support systems in places like hospitals and nursing homes, or in co-ordination facilities such as in airports, train stations, and traffic control. Power outages occur due to many causes like natural disturbances, internal power surges, manmade disturbances, and line faults and many more. Among all, the power outages due to natural causes will remain from weeks to months. Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) will be a best solution for this situation to obtain alternate power in post disaster conditions [1]. To interconnect DERs in the distribution systems IEEE has recommended a practice system, which is given by IEEE Std. 1547.6-2011. DERs can be Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Diesel Generators and storage devices (batteries or fuel cells) etc., depending on the availability. On the other hand, as most of the DERs provide power in the form of Direct Current (DC), Low Voltage DC (LVDC) power for distribution system is getting popularity. In this paper, IEEE recommended distribution system for interconnecting DERs is designed. A standalone PV system is designed as a DER. The IEEE recommended practice system is modified to incorporate LVDC distribution system to obtain power from DERs.

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Influence of Process Parameters on The Thermal Performance of A Single Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe - An Experimental Study[ ]


The continuous demand for smaller and faster micro electronics systems has increased the need for development of more efficient cooling systems. In that direction, development of Heat pipes is proved to be a promising cooling technology for microelectronic systems for the removal of high local heat flux rates and to achieve uniform chip temperatures. The counter current flow between the liquid and vapor phases causes significant entrainment losses in conventional heat pipes and the limitations in conventional heat pipes have led to the development of pulsating heat pipes. The heat transfer mechanism in a PHP is a complex phenomena as it is influenced by multiple factors and no single author could present a comprehensive heat transfer study even as on today. Moreover, the open literature available on single loop PHPs is very limited and hence an attempt is made to verify the influence of diverse process parameters on the flow and heat transfer behavior of a PHP. In the present work, an experimental setup has been built in and conducted experiments in order to understand the behavior of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of a single loop PHP without evacuation conditions. The setup is provided with air cooling arrangement at the condenser. The preliminary results highlighting the effect of heat input, working fluid and orientation have been obtained from this experiment. The results highlighted that the PHP yields better fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in horizontal mode rather its operation in vertical mode. Among all the working fluids considered for PHP operation, Acetone exhibits better transfer characteristics.

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Enhancement of Mechanical properties of recycled Green sand by addition of Bovine feeces (Cow dung)[ ]


Foundries for the metal-casting industry plays a vital role to generate by- products such as used foundry sand. Metal foundries use large amounts of the metal casting process. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in a foundry but by using repeated usage of Used foundry-sand vary due to the type of equipment used for foundry processing, the types of additives, the number of times the sand is reused, and the type and amount of additives which may lead to depletion of the quality of the casted product. In this study additive like Bentonite, this promotes good green strength, moderate dry and hot compression strength. Carbon which provides a reducing atmosphere and a gas film during pouring that protects against oxidation of the metal and reduces burn. Saw dust which controls sand expansion and to broadens the allowable water content was properly mixed to recycled sand to obtain the standard green sand composition. In addition to the said composition, Bovine feeces(Cow dung) which is a refractory material which improves green, dry compression strength and permeability of the recycled sand.The results were compared with green sand and recycled green sand and found that addition of Bovine feeces (Cow dung) in improving the mechanical properties.

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Study on Deep Drawing Process Parameters - A Review[ ]


Deep drawing is one of the most important processes for forming sheet metal parts. It is widely used for mass production of cup shapes in automobile, aerospace and packaging industries. The quality of the product is influenced by the many of the process parameters like blank holder force, co efficient of friction, strain rate, thickness, temperature, punch force and punch speed etc. So a good knowledge is required to produce good quality of deep drawing products by minimizing the defects. In this review paper importance is given to gather the recent research work and developments in the area of deep drawing.

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Study on Reinforcement Materials for Nylon Matrix Composites - A Review[ ]


Use of composites is becoming a potential substitute for the use of pure metals in many industries due to its numerous advantages like light weight and ease of fabrication. This review offers an insight into the demand for polymer composites and offers a comprehensive discussion on different reinforcements used for nylon matrix. It also gives the importance of polyamide in material industry and mechanical behaviour of polyamide when it is reinforced with different filler materials.

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Inbound, Internal Supply chain management of an Iron Foundry through Simulation and System Dynamics Model[ ]


Supply chain management plays a vital role in the growth of the industry, improving the production rate and the dynamic interaction among the internal suppliersand customers.The objective of this paper is to show how the system dynamic could contribute to improving the complicated production process, internal supply chain of an Iron Foundry. It presents the internal supply chain model of a medium size foundry which will produce cast iron components, and also the dynamic interaction between the variables using the system dynamic approach. The simulated model results have been discussed and validated based on actual results of a foundry. This paper addresses the important relations related to demand procurements of materials, inventory, producton rates, and shipments of the foundry.

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INFLUENCE OF TOOL DESIGN ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY AA 6082-T6[ ]


Friction-stir welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process carried out with a non consumable rotating tool and is a Solid-state joining process.The present study involves the investigation of friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy 6082 to study the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness. The two most important friction stir welding process parameter Tool rotating and welding speed are taken into the consideration. Study of tensile strength and hardness at different weld condition were carried out.The development of this process was a significant change from the conventional rotary motion and linear reciprocating friction welding processes. It provided a great deal of flexibility within the friction welding process group. Joints between dissimilar materials of 6082 – T6 in aerospace structures mostly made by riveting which causes stress concentration and increase the weight of the final joints. Dissimilar welding of aluminum alloys is a core demand Of the aircraft industries to substitute the traditional joining technologies with low cost and high efficiency ones such as friction stir welding in the future advanced design.The aim of this research study is to investigate the effect of tool design on the mechanical properties in friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA 6082-T6.

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Design and Computational Analysis of Inline Array Heat Sink Models[ ]


The multiple challenges in the avionics industry, which needs the thermal management system for its electronic components. To enhance the performance, reliability and safety of its systems an innovative technology required to reduce the temperature developed at the source. Inline Extended surfaces as heat sinks with different array systems under design considerations to enhance the performance an electronic component as if the internal temperature of the component arises from its application the module may fail to work efficiently which persistently challenge the engineers towards the heat dissipation process. The perforated heat sink designs are reviewed with conventional designs with the available innovations.

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Is MQL an efficient and sustainable option? - A Review[ ]


Metal Working fluid (MWF) used in industries has varied usages, such as lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing function etc. during cutting and machining operation. Although of its positive uses, there are many adverse effects also seen not only on human life but also on environmental pollution. Because of them, some alternatives have been sought to avoid or to minimize the use of metal cutting fluid during machining operation. In this paper, an effort has been made to study and summarize the relevant literatures made available on the risk associated with Metal Working Fluid (MWF) and to qualify the application of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) as a sustainable option in curtailing hazardous impact and a cost effective method for machining operation.

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FRICTION STIR WELDED 6061 ALUMINIUM ALLOY[ ]


Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 6061alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 6061 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 6061 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 710 to 1400 and also by varying constant welding rpm (speed).

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A Review on optimization of shell and tube heat exchanger used in Rankine cycle of Exhaust gas waste heat recovery system[ ]


Most of the heat from automobiles (mostly diesel engines) is being wasted in different forms. This waste heat if recovered can be used for various other applications. So in the present paper, review of different waste heat recovery technologies for diesel engine exhaust gas was studied and in that context it was found that heat exchanger is commonly used. So this review ephasises the different ways by which heat transfer in a heat exchanger can be enhanced. Based on the review an optimized design of a shell and tube heat exchanger that can be effectively used for waster heat recovery from automobile exhaust gas using organic rankine cycle was proposed.

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Effect of tool pin profile on the Microstructure and Mechanical properties of Friction Stir Welded AA6061-B4C Metal Matrix Composites[ ]


Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state joining technique. It is developed to join high strength aluminum alloys and various ceramic reinforced meta matrix composites (MMCs). FSW produces sound welds in MMCs without any deleterious reaction between reinforcement and matrix. In the present work, Al-10 wt . % B4C Metal Matrix composites (MMCs) are joined using friction stir welding (FSW) process. Different tool pin profiles are developed to weld the MMCs and the effect of tool pin profile on mechanical and metallurgical properties of the weldments are investigated. The various pin profiles i.e. Straight Cylindrical, Taper Cylindrical, Taper Threaded Cylindrical, Treaded Cylindrical are used to obtain defect free welds. It is observed that joints welded with taper threaded cylindrical pin profile have exhibited better mechanical properties compared to the other pin profiles. Weld nugget has finer grains compared to other weld zones and B4C particulates are homogeneously present in Al matrix both in weld and parent metal.

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CFD analysis of shock induced combustion in premixed flow of hydrogen-air over spherical projectile[ ]


Hypersonic air breathing propulsion is a key technology for the attainment of intercontinental transportation and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) vehicle’s performance. A premixed shock induced combustion engine (schramjet) is a realizable choice for improving LEO’s performance. In this concept, a shock is employed to start the combustion process in a premixed fuel/air mixture. The advantage of schramjet engine over a typical scram jet engine is its reduced length of combustor, which leads to reduced weight and heating load. The operating range of schramjet can be extended to the region of Mach number 10 to 15. This present paper objective is to simulate computationally the spherically blunted projectile experiment for shock-induced combustion of pre-mixed hydrogen air. The simulations are carried out to validate the CFD model. CFD simulations will be carried out using ANSYS CFX, CFD software.

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Design and Structural Analysis of Solid Rocket Motor Casing Hardware Used in Aerospace Applications[ ]


Rocket motors are widely used to generate thrust or impulsive force to impart a desired velocity to flight vehicle to transport its payload to the intended destination. The working principle of Rocket motor is mainly Newton’s 2nd and 3rd laws. Rocket motors are non-air breathing propulsion class i.e won’t require oxygen from the atmosphere for combustion of the fuel which is stored in the rocket motor. During the operating conditions of the motor hardware, it will be subjected to high temperatures and pressure loads. Structural thermal design has to carried out for a given input parameters and analysis to be carried out to check the stress levels & temperatures on the hardware. The present paper deals with structural design of motor hardware. The main input parameters considered are the maximum operating pressure and maximum diameter of the Motor hardware. The material properties considered are upto 100ï‚°C. Structural analysis and fracture analysis are to carried out after the design of each component of the rocket motor hardware. For design, the motor hardware is considered as a pressure vessel. To compute parameters like thickness some initial assumptions were made. 2D drawing is developed using Auto Cad software and structural analysis is carried out in ANSYS. This software employs finite element analysis techniques to generate the solution. Hence the displacement magnitude, von mises stress and strain developed within the motor is pictorially visualized. Fracture analysis is also carried out on the material.

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Multi Response Optimization of EDM of AA6082 Material using Taguchi- DEAR Method[ ]


Electrical discharge machining is most widely used in machining industries to make dies of complex cavities. In the present work investigation has been carried out on electrical discharge machining of AA6082 material using electrolyte copper as tool material. Experiments were conducted using Taguchi method with L9 orthogonal array. The process parameters such as peak current, pulse on time and pulse off time are chosen for experimentation. Further material removal rate, surface roughness and tool wear rate are chosen as performance characteristics for this study. The aim of this work is to find significance of process parameters on performance characteristics and also obtain an optimal combination of process parameters by Taguchi-Data Envelopment Analysis based Ranking (DEAR) multi objective optimization method.

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Analysis of corrosion characteristics in turning process of HSLA steel[ ]


Turning operation is one of the primary machining operations wherein enhanced machining performance is obtained by selection of suitable process parameters. High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) medium carbon steels (EN25 steel) are considered to possess better mechanical properties than carbon steel. In this experimental study, the effects of machining parameters on corrosion characteristics (corrosion rate and current density) of the machined samples are evaluated in turning of EN25 steel. The machining parameters selected are cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut in order to enhance corrosion characteristics of turned components. The result of the investigation revealed that the mentioned machining parameters are necessary and essential to evaluate the functional attributes of HSLA steel effectively.

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HVAC Design and Heat Recovery Options in an Office Building[ ]


Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and automotive environmental comfort. HVAC system design is based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. It is very important in the design of medium to large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and in marine environments for safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors. The basic purpose of an HVAC system is to provide interior thermal conditions that a majority of occupants will find acceptable. The heat and moisture control functions of HVAC systems provide the foundation for key system components. In specific building situations, supplemental functions, such as controlling smoke from fires or providing background noise for acoustic privacy, may be imposed on an HVAC system.

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Indoor Air Quality Considerations for HVAC Systems Design in India[ ]


The performance and design of Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems decides the soundness of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) to a large extent. Almost all modern buildings are air-conditioned and a huge number of occupants spend considerable time inside these buildings. Hence, the goodness of indoor air is vital to their health and productivity. In this study, a research questionnaire survey is carried out for the HVAC designers to obtain information regarding their design practices in India. A large number of HVAC designers and offices were contacted and explained about the study. However, 52 HVAC designers / offices participated from across the country. Their responses were recorded and analyzed to build up a picture of the prevalent HVAC design practices in India.

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Performance Analysis of the HVAC System in a Hospital Building in Hyderabad[ ]


Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality within a building, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants. The hospital is a high risk indoor place which has airborne infection from patients. The complex hospital environment requires special attention to ensure healthy IAQ to protect patients and healthcare workers against hospital-acquired infections and occupational diseases. The aim of this study is to recommend effective guidelines for the control and management of hospital IAQ. A one week survey was carried out in the Continental Hospital and Research Centre situated at Gachi Bowli, Hyderabad. It is a massive eighteen storied structure, competently managed by senior professionals. In the experimental analysis for indoor air quality, measurements were recorded on four floors for Temperature, Relative Humidity and Carbon Dioxide. In the observation analysis the operation and maintenance of the HVAC system and the well-being of the occupants were observed.

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CFD Analysis of Single turn Pulsating Heat Pipe[ ]


Pulsating Heat Pipe (PHP) is a heat exchanger device which absorbs heat from evaporator region and transfers it to the condenser region. The flow in pipe is Multi-Phase flow. Vapour plugs and Liquid slugs are formed in PHP due to the capillary action.CFD modeling is done in ANSYS CFX with single turn of PHP and Acetone is used as the working fluid and a fill ratio of 60%. At evaporator boundary, heat flux that is equivalent to 9 W to 15 W is supplied and the condenser boundary is set as heat flux of range 7945 W/m^2 and in the adiabatic section heat flux is zero. The obtained CFD results are compared with the experimental paper [1].The CFD analysis is performed and the outputs of the simulations are plotted in graphs and contours. Decrease in the acetone temperature at the evaporator suggests that heat is carried away to the condenser part. Change in volume fractions of acetone and air in three regions viz. evaporator, adiabatic region and condenser reflects to the flow pattern of the fluid inside the PHP.

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Designing HVAC Systems using HRW as an ECM for Energy Efficient Buildings[ ]


The importance and want for energy efficiency in buildings is well understood. Also, the contribution of energy needed for HVAC (particularly for cooling in Indian context) in buildings ought to be the foremost important. One among the foremost energy efficient means of providing cooling in building is with the utilization of HRW systems. Despite of being energy efficient and economical; the utilization of HRW system has been minimal in India. However, currently there are few smart examples of such systems and there exists some expertise in designing and operating. Lack of careful understanding of system, lack of design and simulation capabilities, restricted data on integration with the building and remainder of the HVAC system, are a number of the most important barriers in scaling from HRW systems installations in buildings.

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Energy Efficient HVAC System Designing and Simulation of Radiant Cooling System[ ]


The importance and want for energy efficiency in buildings is well understood. Also, the contribution of energy needed for HVAC (particularly for cooling in Indian context) in buildings ought to be the foremost important. One among the foremost energy efficient means of providing cooling in building with the utilization of Radiant cooling systems. Despite of being energy efficient and economical; the utilization of Radiant cooling has been restricted in India. However, currently there are few smart examples of such systems and there exists some expertise in designing and operating. Lack of careful understanding of system, lack of design and simulation capabilities, restricted data on integration with the building and remainder of the HVAC system, are a number of the most important barriers in scaling from radiant cooling systems installations in buildings.

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Investigation of Machining Parameters for EDM Using Different Types of Electrodes by Taguchi Method[ ]


The most important aspects to take into consideration in the majority of manufacturing processes is the correct selection of manufacturing condition. Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is a capable of machining geometrically complex or hard material components, that are precise and difficult-to-machine such as heat treated tool steels, composites, super alloys, ceramics, carbides, heat resistant steels etc. Stainless steel is usually supplied in a hardened condition. These steels are categorized as difficult to machine materials; possess greater strength and toughness are usually known to create major challenges during conventional and non- conventional machining. The objective of the present paper is to study the effect of machining parameters such as discharge current, pulse on time on various machining responses like Metal Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and Surface Roughness (SR) on Steel by using two different types of L-shapes electrodes i.e. beryllium copper and brass tools. The observed values in the experiments were determined by identifying the factor that is most affected by the Responses of Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and Surface Roughness (SR).

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Simulation of Joint Design on Weldability of Dissimilar Materials: 405 Ferritic Stainless Steel and 705 Zr Alloy by Friction Welding Process[ ]


The current work was aimed to assess three joints, namely vee-joint, square joint and plain joint, used for joining of dissimilar 705 Zr alloy and 405 ferritic stainless steel materials by continuous drive friction welding. Three joints were evaluated for their strength, heat affected zone and metal flow across the weld joints. The vee-joint was found to be better as compared to plain and square joints.

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Tribological behaviour of a Graphite, Carbon fibre, Mg(OH)₂, Al₂O₃, Epoxy Composite Disc brake[ ]


New trend automobile vehicles are universally used disc brake. In generally automobile use cast iron brake disc due to its good characteristics as a brake disc material but also followed by some major disadvantages such as heavy weight, high fuel consumption, high unsprung weight etc. To overcome these problem composite materials can be used as a brake disc material. In this paper graphite, Alâ‚‚O₃, Mg(OH)â‚‚, carbon fibre and epoxy are mixed in different composition and produced four samples of composite material. These composite samples are tested by ‘Pin–on-disc Tribotester’ to understand the friction and wear of the composite. The result revealed that the composite with a composition of 13% graphite, 13% Alâ‚‚O₃, 13% Mg(OH)â‚‚, 3% carbon fibre and 58% epoxy shows less wear among the other composites. It shows a wear rate of 1.06×10-9 kg/m, 3.71×10-8 kg/m & 2.12×10-9 kg/m at low speed - low load, medium speed - medium load and high speed - high load respectively.

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Performance Evaluation of PCM Lined Evaporator Based Deep Freezer for Storing Icecream[ ]


Ice cream is one of the most cherished consumer products, but is perishable and hence should be stored and served with utmost care from the stand point of quality. When Ice cream is exposed to temperatures above 10 °F (-12 0C), it becomes subject to adverse changes in body, texture and flavor characteristics. Typical storage temperature of Ice cream is 0 °F (-18 0C). The top brand sellers store ice creams in the night in a deep freeze refrigerator with backup power supply. In summer, it becomes all the more challenging with frequent and prolonged power interruptions. Ethylene Glycol based deep freezers are popular and are used extensively with a back up time of around 5 to 8 hours. Phase change materials are looked into for their advantage of less corrosive property and encapsulation feasibility compared to corrosive nature and flooded enclosure design adopted with ethylene glycol systems. In this work, performance of a 100 L deep freeze refrigerator, modified by enclosing evaporator with phase change material is reported. The phase change material (PCM) used in this investigation has a latent heat transformation temperature of -23 oC. With an identical load using water and pcm material combination of 16 kgs, a steady state temperature of -18 oC was maintained even when the power supply was interrupted for well over 24 hours. It was also observed that while the pcm lining inside the storage space can be very effective in maintaining required temperatures for a prolonged time, the cool down time will be proportional to the freezing characteristics of the entire mass of pcm. On the contrary the approach to enclose evaporator with pcm can be beneficial in faster cool down of the load.

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Investigation on Machinability of GFRP Composites during End milling by Taguchi’s optimization technique[ ]


This paper discusses on the application of Taguchi’s design of experiments, to explore the cutting parameters on machinability of unidirectional fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite laminates. The design of experiments was conducted by using tungsten carbide end milling cutter at various spindle speeds, feeds and depth of cuts. . The macinability analyses of this selection of process parameters on glass fibre reinforced plastics are very important aspect in production industries such as automobile, aerospace and other applications. Moreover for better machining is to obtain by close dimensional accuracy with minimized surface damages, Taguchi analysis was carried out the signal to noise(S/N) ratio with analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to analysis the effect of these process parameters on machinability of GFRP laminates. And thoroughly investigated to draw useful conclusions by SEM graphs and MINITAB17 software.

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When Technology Ends Art Begins -The Art and Science of TQM[ ]


The word “quality” came into existence over many years ago, though there was no proper definition. From few decades, philosophers such as Feigenbaum, Deming, Crosby, Ishikawa, Juran, Taguchi and others have put their thought to define the term quality and also accomplished to the quality management principles. Every individual philosopher has his own philosophy and definition towards quality. Quality Gurus also included the management principles to achieve the greater quality, such as the Poka-Yoke approach of Shigeo Shingo, Zero Defect concept of Philip Crosby etc., Quality management has extended its bounds and grown to new heights that it has become a separate area in every field and emerged as “total quality management” which is popularly abbreviated as TQM.Although many concepts were developed in the past decades which aims for higher quality, but each concept has separate view and ideology. These concepts can be clearly understood when applied to the practical life for a system or a process. The objective of this paper is to interpret the quality concepts of quality management based on manufacturing process. It is also important to focus on the area in which no quality definition has been developed. After a thorough analysis, it was found that no philosophy has explained the quality of a service which is important to achieve totality of the quality. This paper also proposes a five step model for improving the quality of the service.

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Experimental Study on Heat Transfer in Square Duct with Elliptical Rib Inserts[ ]


This paper presents an experimental investigation on the thermal and friction characteristics of a square duct with inserts. The duct has a square section and uniform heat flux walls and air used as the working fluid is presented in terms of Reynolds number from 8000 - 40000. In the present work, an elliptical rib inserts have been introduced to ascertain the enhanced heat transfer effect and similar investigation was not carried out in the past. The insertion of the elliptical ribs is performed with different intervals of fin to duct height with respected to the main flow direction. These inserts in the ducts are expected to generate a longitudinal vertex flow through the duct. In the experimental study, influence of sixteen fins to duct height ratios for each fin pitch on thermal and flow friction characteristics of the inserted duct have been studied. The experimental results signify that an elliptical inserts provides the highest heat transfer than the plain square duct without inserts. The thermal performance of the newly developed finned elliptical ribs is found to be better than that of the rectangular ribs

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Experimental Analysis of Pulasating Heat Pipe[ ]


Thermal management has become an important criterion and many devices have come up for this purpose. One among them is a heat pipe. A simple pipe consists of a tube with a suitable working fluid, an evaporator and a con-denser side. The transfer of heat takes place by absorption of heat from the evaporator side by the working fluid and dissipating it at the condenser side through latent heat. An improve-ment in the heat pipes is pulsating heat pipe which is also called as php. Pulsating heat pipe (php) is a heat transfer device which uses the oscillating motion of the working fluid as the source for heat transfer .tthe working phenomenon of pulsating heat pipe differs from that of a regular heat pipe.the php has a lot of thermo-hydrodynamic characteristics which define its performance. The evaporation and condensation of the working fluid results in a two phase flow which transfers heat. The vari-ous factors that affect the performance of the php’s are the diameter of the pipe, working fluid, filling ratio, heat flux, orientation etc. Study of the performance of php’s will help in better understanding of the heat transfer mechanism by which the application of heat transfer devices can be improved..the present paper describes the detailed experimental analysis and working principle of php with water as working fluid and the results are carried out to calculate the efficiency of php with mathematical calculations.

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Forced Vibration Analysis of Breathing Cracked Cantilever Beam using MATLAB[ ]


Cantilever beam with breathing crack is selected and forced vibration analysis is performed in MATLAB. The cantilever beam is converted into the equivalent single degree of freedom system. The simple single-degree-of-freedom system with time varying stiffness is employed to simulate the dynamic behavior of the beam. The equation of motion of breathing cracked cantilever beam with time varying stiffness is developed and solved using MATLAB. The frequency, amplitude and acceleration of cracked and uncracked beam response is determined. Analysis is carried out in both time and frequency domains, which is aimed to identify the dynamic response associated with the existence of breathing crack.

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Comparative Study of Use of CNG With Bio Fuels in Diesel Engines[ ]


Due to increase in population and rapid industrialization there is increase in consumption of conventional fuels. So the word is getting modernizesedand industrialized day by day. As a result vehicles and engines are increasing rapidly. So that this paper emphasizes on the comparative study of compressed natural gas with dieselfules such as Neem oil, Soysbeen oil, Rice Bran oilmethyle Ester, Jathropa oil, Karanja oil, Mahua oil, Eucaliptus oil, Simarouba oil, Cotton methyl ester, Palm ethyle ester, Sun flower oil, Rape seed oil, and Argimon oil etc,. The study was omade on various aspects regarding BTE, SFC, all efficiencies and properties etc., Finally the results were obtained based on their performance.

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