NCRTEST 2016 - National Conference on Recent Trends in Emerging Science and Technology

"NCRTEST 2016 Conference Papers "

Economic Load Dispatch of Power System Using Grey Wolf Optimization with Constriction Factor[ ]


In this paper, we propose a new meta-heuristic, nature inspired technique known as Grey Wolf Optimization to solve Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problems of thermal power units considering transmission losses, and constraints such as ramp rate limits and prohibited operating zones. Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm (GWOA) is a relatively new optimization technique. Mathematical models of this algorithm demonstrate the efficiency, quality of solution and convergence speed of the method and successful application of the algorithm on economic load dispatch problems. Simulation results found that the proposed approach outperforms several other existing optimization techniques in terms quality of solution obtained and computational efficiency. Results also be confirmed the robustness of the proposed methodology.

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Water Level Indicator[ ]


The drinking water crisis in India is reaching alarming proportions. It might very soon attain the nature of global crisis. Hence, it is of extreme importance to preserve water. In home based water tank, the one problem is very common to us that the control of water level of overhead tank,as a result the wastage of water is increasing day by day. But we all know water is very precious to us.This problem can be controlled by a simple electronic circuit consists with some cheap electronic components,that circuit is called ‘Water Level Indicator’. The operation of water level controller works upon the fact that water conducts electricity. So water can be used to open or close a circuit. As the water level rises or falls, different circuits in the controller send different signals. These signals are used to switch ON or switch OFF the motor pump as per our requirements.

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Modeling and Performance Analysis of Compres-sion ignition Engines using Biodiesel as Fuel[ ]


A single zone C.I engine model based on physical geometries (bore, stroke, crank radius, and connecting rod length), variation of specific heats of gas mixture (air-fuel mixture and combustion products) and chemical equilibrium has been developed in an in-house FORTRAN code that would be suitable for conventional diesel as well as for alternative fuel (biodiesels), to predict the pressure and temperature variation along crank angle, work done, mean effective pressure, power output and other engine parameters suitable for biodiesel. The model has been validated with the experimental results. Performance of the diesel engine depends on injection timing, delay period as well as the duration to get complete combustion are presented and discussed. The indicated and brake work done obtained are 13.20 kJ/cycle and 10.52 kJ/cycle respectively for B100 and the indicated and brake specific fuel consumption obtained are 0.289 kg/kWh and 0.362 kg/kWh.

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Three point bending test of fibre reinforced particulate Composites[ ]


Three point bending test of a carbon fibre reinforced particulate composite are made by graphite, Al2O3, Mg(OH)2, carbon fibre and epoxy. The flexural stress, flexural strain and maximum bending strength are investigated by ‘Instron testing machine’ to study material characteristics. In this work graphite, Al2O3, Mg(OH)2, carbon fibre and epoxy are mixed in different composition and prepared five samples of composite material. It is observed that the composite with a composition of 13% graphite, 13% Al2O3, 13% Mg(OH)2, 3% carbon fibre and 58% epoxy shows high bending strength of about 135 X 106 N/m2 among the other composites.

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Person Locator from a Real Time Video[ ]


Real time person location from a public place with group of people is a necessary issue of modern world. Tracing a theif, burglar in a crowded region is an outstanding issue of today’s world. Tracing the present students or employers in everyday school, colleges and working field can be easier by this face regocnition technique. A method is proposed here to locate a particular person from a real time video and generate some audio alarms.

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Comparative Study of the Static and Dynamic Seismic Analysis of RC regular and irregular frame structures[ ]


Occurrence of the earthquake is unpredictable, but we can adopt preventive measures to overcome problems during earthquake. It was found that one of the main reasons for failure of RC structure is irregularity in its plan dimension and its lateral force resisting system. In this paper an analytical study is made to find response of regular and irregular structures by nonlinear static analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis. The study includes the Pushover Analysis and Non linear Time History Analysis of four storied regular and irregular structures in SAP 2000 platform.

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A Device to Minimize Human-Elephant Conflict[ ]


Human-Elephant conflict over the years has become a major concern for wildlife management in India.This is a very common problem in both North and South Bengal. The major affecting area in North Bengal is the Terai-Duars area. Apart from the role of railways, there is a huge loss of habitat of elephants. The increasing mismanagement of the Duars tea garden increases the huge loss. The dolomite extraction near the border of West Bengal and Bhutan is also the cause of the loss and human-elephant conflict. The human-elephant conflict is also not less in the region of South Bengal (in the region of Purulia, Bankura, and West Midnapore). In this region, the increase in human population is affecting the habitat of the elephants, which is causing the human-elephant conflict. We are focussing on this major issue to minimize human elephant conflict and developing a 360o Ultrasonic SODAR device which will help in tracking the movement of elephants 24x7 and the movement will be displayed on a screen with a buzzer for alerting the people near the buffer zone of any forest area. In this paper the device has been modified to increase the range.

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A Comparative Study on Strength of Conventional Concrete and Coconut Fibre Reinforced Concrete[ ]


This is a experimental studies on the use of coconut fibre as enhancement of concrete which can reduce conventional building material costs for the rural and urban development in India. Foamed concrete is a better option but it is good in compression and weak in tension. The weakness in tension can be overcome by the addition of fibres. There is a comparative study on compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of coconut coir fiber with different percentages of coconut fibre (0%, 0.2% and 0.4%). We got that compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength of the foamed concrete are increased as the fiber volume percentage of the coconut coir fiber increased in the concrete mix from experiments.

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Flood Alarm[ ]


A flood alarm is a non-structural measure for flood forecasting and mitigation. Flood alarm is a neccesary warning method for villages, dam areas, populated areas. It will save a huge mass of land, property & lives from getting destroyed. Several parameters are responsible for flood related disasters and a quick-responding flood alarm system is required for effective flood mitigation measures.

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Power storage recycle[ ]


It is found that a damaged laptop battery can be reused to make a power bank. So, instead of throwing it away it will be a proper utilization of that damaged battery. So, we studied on internet & came to know there are some cells within the battery which can be re-used again to make a power bank. In our project, we took a dell laptop battery which wasn’t working & opened the seal of the 6-cell battery & measured the voltage of each and through a process finally identified the good cells which can be used in our project. Now we got two cells which gave us the requirements to make a power bank. So continuing with them, we kept them in a cool dry place for 3+ days and made a DIY case following a circuit containing 7805 voltage regular, two capacitances of 470 µF and 100µF respectively, one resistance of 220?, one switch, one LED to indicate when the power bank is charging and a 5V output. Finally we placed the two selected cells above in the DIY case to make the power bank and tested it using an USB battery charger doctor and charged an android smart phone using it. This completes our project.

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Application of Solar Energy Conversion in A Street Lighting System[ ]


A stand-alone solar-powered street lighting system model is designed and operated completely independent of the power grid. The paper focused and thus, a battery is charged during day time with the help of a simple charging circuit. During night, this stored energy is used to light. The device can be used for small-scale lighting applications in remote areas that are far away from the power grid. The system has a panel to collect the solar energy, a battery to store that energy and a light source to use the energy. The system operates like a bank account.on the viability of using solar energy to power the LEDs used as the lightning system. A model is constructed from equipment available on the market like LED, Solar panel, relay, lead acid battery and diodes for protection purpose. The system has the design capability to last for five hours of lightning. Here, solar energy is collected with the aid of a solar panel.

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Enhance the Performance of Raft Foundation with Piles[ ]


A FE – BE coupling technique is used in the present study.The raft is idealised as a thick plate freely resting on soil medium, which is idealised as a semi-infinite, isotropic and homogeneous elastic half -space. Pile is idealised as a spring of equivalent stiffness, obtained from simplified approach based on elastic theory assuming it to be a shaft in the half-space. Boundary element method is employed to determine the soil stiffness matrix by inverting the soil flexibility matrix, using Mindlin’s solution for a point load in half-space as a fundamental solution. Finite element method is employed to determine the raft stiffness matrix based on Mindlin’s plate bending theory, which allows transverse shear deformation. Combined stiffness matrix of the soil-pile-raft system is obtained by summing up the stiffness of the soil-raft system and the stiffness contribution of the piles at selected locations. A computer programme is developed, based on the procedure describe above, in which discretisation is automatic and requires very nominal data input. Effect of pile parameter on settlement of a piled raft system subjected to uniformly distributed load is studied for different number and configuration of piles to demonstrate the efficacy of piled raft system in reducing settlement.

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Under Water Acoustic Sensor Network: Challenges and Appliactions[ ]


Under water acoustic sensor network is highly challenged due to various obstacles i.e power souces, loacation, current flow, tidal flow etc. In this paper I have dicused the application and the challenges for under water sensor networks. Sensor nodes can be used for data collection, pollution monitoring, tactical surveillance applications. Moreover, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (UUVs, AUVs), fitted with sensors, will find application in natural undersea resources and gathering of required information. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications.

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A Novel Approach to Real Time Heart Rate Monitor[ ]


A practical means for unobtrusive and ubiquitous detection and monitoring of heart from a distance could be a powerful tool for health care, emergency and surveillance applications[1]. Wireless structural health monitoring research has drawn great attention in recent years from various research group, along with it if it’s about the real-time location tracking (latitude & longitude) of a human then the chal-lenges even grows. To address these challenges, we explore the ARDUINO approach to enhance the flexibility, mobility and at the same time monitoring. In this approach we will use an ARDUINO board with the peripheral sensors required for monitoring the pulse rate of a person and to send the real location of a person to any particular Mobile Telecom User’s number when the pulse rate of a person gets too low or too high. All this is to be done wirelessly through coding of the ARDUINO and its proper interfacing with the peripheral devices.

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An eco-friendly bio-sorbent derived from fish (Carp) scale: A study of commercial dye removal[ ]


An eco-friendly, cost effective bio-sorbent has been derived from the fish (Carp) scale after chemical processing. Commercial dye, methyl orange (MO), was deployed as a model adsorbate under different pH condition in the aqueous solutions. In neutral solution (ph~7) and in moderately acidic solution (pH 3.1-4.4), the removal pattern of the dye from colored solution shows an excellent behavior rather than two extreme conditions i.e. highly acidic or alkaline. Study also focuses the equilibrium time of almost 50% removal of the dye by the bio-sorbent which was within five minutes and afterwards it shows a monotonous pattern. The comparative study of dye adsorption at different pH shows that the equilibrium time was reached earlier in case of neutral pH solution than the acidic one. The desorption behavior of the dye from the fish scale was also monitored under varying percent (%) salinity. The fish scale fibers were resistant against release of adsorbed dyes at lower pH condition than the neutral one for MO. The fish scale fibers showed different nature of releasing the adsorbed dye (MO) under varying concentration of SDS, a popularly known surfactant. Almost all the dyes were desorbed under neutral pH before CMC1 value of SDS. A relatively monotonic dye releasing nature was observed in case of moderately acidic condition even after crossing the CMC values of SDS and it finally stops at nearly 50%. On the other side, some anomalous behavior of dye releasing was observed initially in case of highly acidic condition and the normal trend was followed even after higher CMC value of SDS. These data reflects that the surfactant action was prominent at higher CMC of SDS at lower pH condition.

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Role of Waste Plastic and Waste Rubber on Dense Bituminous Macadam Layer of Flexible Pavement[ ]


In India major part of roads are flexible in nature which deteriorate rapidly during their design life owing to high traffic intensity, overloading of commercial vehicle, improper drainage system etc. resulting in early initiation of distress condition. These governing factors emphasizes on the necessity of roads with better stability and engineering design. In a country like India with its adverse climatic condition roads made of conventional bitumen fail to impart the required stability hence modification of bitumen as binder is the need of the hour. Ceratain admixtures can be used to partially replace the conventional bitumen to improve desired mechanical characteristics for particular road mix in dense bitumen macadam layer. So replacing the virgin polymer by such recycled polymers in bituminous blends is a promising alternative environmentally favorable, offering a sustainable life-cycle for some petroleum-derivative polymers. This investigation deals with two major groups of recycled polymers namely crumb tire rubber and waste thermoplastic polymers. Another important agriculture waste RHA, produced abundantly in different parts of world and has a pozzolanic characteristic is used in this investigation as alternative filler material by replacing the conventional one.

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Development of Strength Prediction Models of 28 days Fly Ash Concrete Strength by Accelerated Curing Method[ ]


As per IS : 456-2000 concrete should be accepted or rejected on the basis of 28 days normal cured strengths. If concrete fails to satisfy the criteria then consequent inspections such as core tests and/or load tests to be performed which are quite complicated, time consuming and results additional outlay. Assessement of 28 days strength from accelerated strength (1 day) can be extremely helpful. Through this concept designers can easily identify the uncalculated errors during mix design or variations in materials and exposure conditions etc and take necessary correction and modification measures to attain the desired strengths at 28 days. As per IS : 9013 methodology to prediction of 28 days strength from accelerated cured strength are indicated only for normal/control concrete. But recently fly ash concrete is frequently used in construction and there is no such guideline available by which assessment of 28 days strength of Indian fly ash concrete can be made from accelerated strength tests. In the present study is an attempt in this direction whereby some simple prediction models have been proposed to relate 28 days strengths with accelerated strengths. Total 55 concrete mixes consisting of 11 control mixes and 44 fly ash mixes have been taken into consideration to develop the strength models. Effect of other strength affecting parameters are also considered for the development of strength models

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Strength Prediction Model for Fly Ash Concrete[ ]


In this era of sustainable development the environmental ability to meet the present and future needs is a growing concern throughout the world. The present investigation involves production of medium to high strength concrete and studying the effect of incorporating fly ash on the strength development. Concrete mixes are proportioned to achieve the desired strength at a specified age. Hence some relationship allowing strength prediction at a specified age will be highly useful. Such a strength predicting relationship is available for control concrete (Abram’s law) but not for concrete with mineral admixtures. The present work is a limited humble effort in this direction. Identifying the significant parameters affecting strength, statistical analysis has been performed to study the effect of the same. Using ‘All Possible Regression’ method of statistical analysis the present database has been analyzed and their significance examined by using simple statistical tools like ‘R’, ‘s’ statistics, ‘F’ and ‘t’ tests. These models being simple and user friendly might serve as useful tools for strength predictions.

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Heigh Strength concrete incorporating an Indian fly ash[ ]


In the present investigation a humble effort has been made to finding the possibilities of an Indian fly ash in the production high strength high performance concrete and to evaluate the contributions of some significant mix composition parameters. A siliceous fly ash having a glass content of 34% and a fineness of 70% passing a 45 micron sieve was used. Experimentation has been performed over water-cementitious material ratios (w/cm) ranging from 0.27 to 0.42, cementitious material contents (cm) varying from 430 to 550 kg/m3 and fly ash replacements ranging from 0 to 40% by weight of cementitious material. Compressive strengths of concrete have been evaluated at 7, 28 and 90 days age. Slump values of fresh concretes are in the range of 150-200 mm.

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Design of a Portable Charger with Energy Conservation[ ]


There is a wastage of energy when people are in motion generating enormous energy. The charge generated from the piezoelectric material represents an opportunity for harvesting energy that could be invested for proper energy conservation and utilization also. By placing piezoelectric sensor inside the sole of a shoe, it should be possible to preserve or reuse significant amounts of energy to charge electronic gadgets during walking. This innovative work is mainly focused on designing a shoe charger for mobile phone. Due to any movement of feet, the bending of the sole of the shoe should be able to compress a piezoelectric plate and generate electricity. The produced energy can be the resource for charging portable gadgets.

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Estimation of Carrier Lifetime of Various Light Emitting Diodes by Using OCVD Method[ ]


In this work we have studied and estimated carrier lifetime of a series of different light emitting diodes. Open circuit voltage decay (OCVD) technique and forward current?voltage characteristics have been used to evaluate the carrier lifetime of these devices at room temperature. It is an important parameter for the understanding of basic physics as well as the device applications for fast switching rate for digital data communication system. Our results reveal the rate of change of open circuit voltage influence on the voltage waveforms during the reverse recovery process of the diode. Such type of voltage decay gives information about the charge relaxation process of the diodes. The minimum and maximum carrier lifetime has been found to be 2.962 nS and 126.336 nS for UV3TZ-395-15 and LL2508JQHR4-A02 light emitting diode respectively.

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MICRO-GRID BASED OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOR PENETRATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION CONSIDERING SYSTEM LOSS AND VOLTAGE STABILITY[ ]


Distributed Generation (DG) has brought a whole new era for electrical power systems by improving the power quality. Penetration of DG in proper location reduces energy loss but inappropriate modeling. The generation and loads might be regarded as a micro-grid and split from the distribution system to cut off the micro-grid’s load from the disturbance without harming the integrity of distributed network. The proposed work talk about the operation principle of the distributed generation system and the various influences it introduced into the distributed network system. The observation is made on sitting and sizing of distributed generation system which influences the power loss of the grid and control of voltage profile. We considered a self-designed distribution network with standard IEEE line data and regulations for the simulation in ‘POWER WORLD SIMULATOR’ introducing full Newton Raphson (NR) method in proposed algorithm and investigate the system performance under various DG situations at diverse load levels.

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Comparison of Different Mapping Technique for Better Identification of Exon Regions[ ]


Genomic signal processing is a new area of research comprised of gene analysis using signal processing technique. Proper identification of coding and non-coding regions of DNA sequence has become a challenge to the researchers of various fields. Application of DSP needs a mapping rule to convert the alphabetic (A, C, T, G) sequence into its corresponding numerical value. Several fixed mapping technique have been employed so far for the application of DSP. In recent years variable mapping technique has also being introduced for better identification of period-3 peaks in the power spectrum of a DNA sequence. The present paper compares the result between fixed mapping technique and the variable mapping technique in trams of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and exon position which will better identify the coding region of a DNA sequence.

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ENHANCEMENT OF SHEAR STRENGTH AND STABILITY OF SOIL BY USAGE OF PLASTIC STRIPS[ ]


In a country like India where the natality rate is 3 per second, availability of proper land for shelter and clean drinking water is a bizarre demand and hence economic methods are more acceptable than healthier methods which in turn leads to excessive use of chemically manufactured plastics for all kind of day to day activities. The undesirable effects of plastic use which consecutively leads to pollution which must be eliminated or at least reduced. Rapid improvements in the engineering world have influenced a lifestyle of human beings in utmost extends but day to day activities of mankind are augmenting risk in the environment in the same proportion. Plastic wastes have become one of the major problems for the world. The harmful gas which is being produced during manufacturing and burning of plastics leads to carcinogenic pollutants. So, effective consumption of plastic waste in engineering application has become one of the challenging jobs for environmental, geotechnical engineers. The main objective of this study is to investigate the use of waste fiber materials in geotechnical applications and to evaluate the effects of waste polypropylene fibers on shear strength of unsaturated soil by carrying out direct shear tests and unconfined compression tests on two different soil samples. The results obtained are compared for the two samples and inferences are drawn towards the usability and effectiveness of fiber reinforcement as a replacement for deep foundation or raft foundation, as a cost effective approach.

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Study of a Position Indicating System of the Piston of a Power Cylinder Using Modified Inductive Pick-up Technique[ ]


The power cylinders are widely used in process plants mainly for the accurate and positively positioning of various plant regulators such as Dampers, ID and FD fans in boilers, throttle, etc. These are so designed so that increase in control pressure moves the piston either outward or inward. So determination of the position of the piston is really important. In this paper an improvised differential inductance mechanism is proposed so as to determine the position of the piston. The design of the circuit has been physically implemented and the results were taken at various inputs, which are also shown in the paper. The proposed Detector has been experimentally found to have a good repeatability, sensitivity as well as Linearity.

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Designing a Novel Offline Interactive Tool For Beyond Classroom Learning[ ]


In present context Education Technology has extended beyond the four walls of classroom to create maximum impact on the student knowledge base. In this regard interactive tool has created new dimensions in Educational Technology. Several online interactive tools are available to reach the learner effectively. But yet ‘Free Internet’ could not be achieved in the developing nations like India, Bangladesh and other; and thus maximum outreach of this online interactive tool couldn’t be achieved effectively. We propose here in this context an offline Interactive tool to reach all the learners who have limited access to Internet. On the other hand 8085 microprocessor is one of the bases of Electrical, Electronics, Computer, IT engineering for both UG/PG studies. This is why the authors here opted to design Offline Interactive Tool for 8085 microprocessor in order to achieve beyond classroom learning

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Exploration of SSL Architecture in Designing Future Communication Systems[ ]


Parity bit generators are indispensable in modern communication system. From the very beginning different types of parity generators are being fabricated using conventional CMOS technology. Hamming code is one such excellent example of modern parity bit generators. But the fact is that CMOS technology is facing tremendous physical challenges from the scaling point of view. In order to compensate this short comings of CMOS several new technologies has evolved. One such technology is Spintronics technology. The Spintronics technology is now used to model Boolean logics, thereby the term Single Spin Logic(SSL) was realized. The authors here propose a SSL made parallel 3-bit parity generator for Hamming code.

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Modeling of Single Spin Logic Based Hazard Free Network[ ]


Modern CMOS based advanced digital circuits suffer unwanted switching transients referred as ‘hazard’, due to ununilateral propagation delays. The hazard in combinational circuit results from a single variable change when the output should not have been altered or manipulated. The hazardous behavior of the logic circuit often creates a glitch. The glitching effect is negligible in very small circuits but when an extreme sophisticated circuits are made the glitching effect increases manifold. To address such complicated issues a new device principle of operation has come up, namely Single Spin Logic. This particular document shows how a Single Spin Logic based hazard free network is designed with adequate efficiency.

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Empirical Study of ANN Based Prediction of Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth of Circular Slot Loaded Polygon FSS[ ]


An unit cell of frequency selective surface is designed in order to control the transmission characteristic and reflection characteristic of electromagnetic wave for different application like Biomedical application, Waveguide Modulator, Ultra wide Band application, etc. Here a new FSS is proposed that consists of Polygon structure with circular slot loaded centrally. Polygon structure is used in order to increase the Bandwidth. This manuscript presents a comparative study of simulation oriented from ANSOFT based result and the result obtained from the Artificial Neural Network (ANN). To obtain good result proper training of neural network is required. Back Propagation Algorithm based on Gradient Decent (GD) method is used here for training of ANN. The result is in good agreement within the accepted error value.

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Spin Realization of Reversible Logic Gates[ ]


Researchers are facing numerous challenges in designing extremely sophisticated IC’s owing to physical limitations of conventional CMOS topology. Conversely incorporation of low power consuming logic is indispensable in modern electronics. These ICs although are not analogous to general ICs (SSI, MSI, and LSI); they are much intended for VLSI or ASIC chips. In this regard Reversible logic h as ushered as a promising computing paradigm having application in low power CMOS, quantum computing, Nano computing and optical computing. Apparently, Nano electronics have made it possible to design Single Spin Logic (SSL) based low dimensional structures to realize high speed low power consuming devices. One such endeavor has been reported here. The authors here tend to mobilize the Single Spin Logic (SSL) topology in realizing Reversible Logic Gate (RLG).

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Exploration of Single Spin Logic (SSL) Based Expandable Hardware Design[ ]


Expandable Hardware architecture is a hot cake in designing next generation logic circuits to optimize large number of inputs. Classically it maintain higher number of inputs thereby causing excessive power dissipation and this leads to a challenge in exploring consumable expandable hardware. Since the dawn of this decade numerous attempts are made to overcome the power dissipation hindrance. On the other hand, Single Spin Logic(SSL) is an approach that offers low power consumption and no/very low power dissipation, high packing density, high speed like merits to replace the age old CMOS technology. Thus the authors intend to use SSL in designing future expandable hardware. This technical note clearly provides an empirical study of expandable hardware design using SSL.

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Discrete Wavelet Transform based Robust Video Watermarking[ ]


Digital watermarking is a kind of marker covertly embedded in a noise tolerant signal such as audio , video or image data. It is typically used to identify ownership of the copyright of such signal. The watermarking process starts with manipulating the digital data. If the video under consideration is copied by some user, the new user gets a copy of that embedded signal .If the video comes under lens, The use of a proper program identifies the watermark within the video which results in proving the authenticity of the copied video. The process of digital watermarking provides authenticity, integrity usage control and content labelling

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ROBUST IMAGE FUSION USNG SINGLE LEVEL DWT AND SSIM[ ]


Image fusion is processes of combining complementary information from a set of input images.The resultant fused image give large and reliable information.In this project we use Single Level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to combine two medical images (CT scan and a MRI) from a single or multiple imaging modalities to improve the imaging quality,reduce randomness and redundancy in order to increase the clinical applicability of medical images for diagnosis and assessment of medical problems.The main aim is to increase the likelihood of the final image to both the original images and this similarity index is measured using SSIM (Structural Similarity Index), it is used as an quality measure of one of the image is regarded as of perfect quality.

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Study on Ready Mix Concrete[ ]


The Indian Construction industry has been traditionally labour oriented. The pace of mechanization in the past was very slow due to the availability of cheap and abundant labour, lack of capital investment and highly fragmented nature of the construction sector. The liberalization of Indian economy started from 1989 and paved the way for large-scale investments in infrastructure, industrial and agriculture sectors. The mega projects required speed and quality of construction compatible with international standards. It led to partial mechanization of construction industry and advent of Ready mixed concrete in India is the outcome of this development. The Ready Mixed Concrete in India on commercial basis started in 1994 and has achieved about 2% conversion from the site-mixed concrete by the year 2001. It is heartening that the acceptability of Ready mixed concrete is increasing though at a slow pace. The entry of foreign firms and major Indian cement producers in this field are likely to provide necessary boost to this industry in the future. The growth prospects of Ready-mixed concrete are enormous, provided requisite support is given by the regulatory authorities, consumers and decision makers. At the present, the cost differential between Ready-mixed concrete and site mixed concrete is proving major constraint in its growth. This problem will be resolved with the increasing awareness about the advantages of RMC by the end consumers.

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Green Building[ ]


Global warming is a serious problem facing the world today as well as the world in the future. In order to stop or reverse this problem, society must change, learning to alter what they use in order to be less harmful to the environment. Making buildings “green” would greatly impact this problem. There are many ways for this to be done and more ways are being developed rapidly. As these new developments arise, the cost reward for green building becomes more logical for the consumer.

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Laser Security System[ ]


The project we have worked on is a wireless security system that can be controlled through a wireless remote or a touch tone phone from any place. The main component of this system are the infrared motion sensors and basic alarm unit. It works on detecting heat of any human body when there is any technical fault, in turn the alarm unit is triggered. The security makes the person monitoring security alert and may be the concerned local law enforcement body also, by sirening a high pitched sound. Here there are two types of laser beam that work: green beam, infrared beam.The infrared beam is not visible to naked to eyes whereas the green beam the visible.

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Low Digital Cost Energy Meter With Energy 100 Unit Alarming System[ ]


This paper introduces a digital energy meter at a nominal cost. Analog to digital energy meter can be converted by the use of ir led, photodiode, IC cd 4033 and a seven segment display.a portionof the rotating disc of meter is made transparent and when the transparent portion comes under the IR LED the ray falls on the photodiode and the photodiode implies a signal to the IC and thus counting is made in the display.a buzzer is connected to the circuit and in every 100 unit the buzzer lines an alarm.

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Reactive Power Compensation Technique[ ]


Present power system scenario reveals that it has some limitations, leaving behind a scope of improvement in this area. Maintain ing a stable, cost-effective and secure operation of power system is therefore a very important and challenging issue. Power can be utilized economically by minimizing its reactive component.

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PREPARATION AND TESTING OF A PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD AND ITS VARIOUS APPLICATION IN THE WORLD OF ENGINEERING[ ]


This article shows the scope and limits of PCB designing as a tool for electronic circuits. Also, illustrations are given as to how the PCB’s are actually made in the industry. The software which goes behind making the PCB is also briefly presented in the article.

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Simulation of speed control and protection of DC Shunt Motor[ ]


The objective of the paper is to develop a simulation of “speed control and protection of DC Shunt Motor” and analyze the characteristics of the drive system under the influence of fault. The novelty of our paper is in the fact that prior to this simulation works have been done only in the speed regulation of Drives but we decided to incorporate the idea of fault and protection along with it as it is more close to a real time scenario.

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An Overview onWeld Cladding[ ]


Cladding is a process of depositing a relatively thick layer of filler material on a carbon or low alloy steel base metal. It enhances production economies by enabling the use of a cheaper, more machinable parent material coated with expensive metals and alloys for achieving desired properties in specific areas of products. It finds the use in chemical and fertilizer plants, nuclear power plants, pressure vessels, agricultural machines and even aircraft and missile components. Also, it has been used widely for maintenance and repair of railway rolling stock as well as points and junctions, earth moving and agricultural machinery, large gear wheels, conveyor shafts, chutes, turbine components and innumerable other components. The various applications of weld cladding include the internal surfaces of carbon and low alloy steel pressure vessels, paper digesters, urea reactors, tube sheets, nuclear reactor containment vessels, and hydro-crackers .

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Blutooth Controlled Robot[ ]


The project is designed to develop android application based a robotic vehicle for remote operation. This is a kind of robot can be helpful for mobility aid for elderly and disabled people. And images transmission and reception. Advantages of Bluetooth has low costs and low power and nature can be pointed to parts of Bluetooth has been added into various types of mobile devices such as mobile phones, PDAs and other wireless set

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Image Segmentation of X-ray Bone using Discrete Step Algorithm[ ]


The usefulness of image processing as a tool in the quality analysis of Medical images is very much evident and has motivated researchers to carry out new works, leading to the development of new algorithms for better results. X-Ray images are indubitably one of the oldest yet informative ways of analysing anomaly in bone structures. This paper introduces a new algorithm i.e. discrete step algorithm for X-Ray bone image segmentation, which is successfully tested on multiple X-Ray images obtained from various sources giving comparatively better results. A comparison of results of existing image segmentation techniques such as Watershed segmentation and Otsu’s segmentation method has been investigated; along with the results of Discrete step algorithm to corroborate the algorithm.

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LASER SECURITY SYSTEM[ ]


This Paper is all about a new security device. After Simulation in the platform of proteus it has been seen that it is very much efficient, reliable, easily maintainable, tiny in size. Where the other devices in the market are not efficient, various hazards are the in maintenance. So interlocution can be made that it is very indispensable for a high security place where nobody are allow to enter.

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SELECTION OF PLANT LOCATION THROUGH QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES[ ]


The selection of location of plant is a vital decision for an organization. In addition to availability of raw materials, utilities and manpower, economic, geographic, demographic and administrative realities of locations have influence on the decision. As many of the factors are often related in diverse fashion, scientific methods are required for such a critical decision. A Quantitative Technique has been applied for a practical decision on plant location.

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BIG BANG THEORY AND EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE[ ]


One of the most challenging problem in Physics. Recent research work suggest that the whole universe is expanding in an accelerated frame. What causes this acceleration? Big Bang theory explains that.

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Wealth, Time and Felicity[ ]


We highlight recent research examining how people should manage their most precious resources wealth and time to maximize their Felicity (happiness). Contrary to people’s intuitions, happiness may be less contingent on the sheer amount of each resource available and more on how people both think about and choose to spend them. Overall, focusing on time leads to greater happiness than focusing on wealth. Moreover, people enjoy greater happiness from spending wealth on others rather than themselves and from acquiring experiences instead of possessions. Similarly, people enjoy greater happiness from spending time on or with others and from acquiring experiences both extraordinary and ordinary.

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Automatic Washroom Light Controller[ ]


This paper presents the electronic trigging of atomatic washroom light switching which replaces manual switching of washroom light .Using microprocessor and NPN transistor the switching control is done. It has been established that automatic washroom light controller using motion sensor was commercially productive but with few drawbacks listing high power consumption and cost effective which has been replaced by automatic electronic triggering.

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Solar Inverter with Microcontroller Based Tracking System[ ]


Sunlight is the basic source for the generation of solar energy for producing electricity. Here sunlight is being harnessed to produce solar energy along with the use of inverter circuit. Sunlight, falling on solar array made up of silicon material, is basically a semiconductor. The solar array is being rotated with the help of a stepper motor according to certain delay of time using microcontroller. The microcontroller which is used belongs to AVR family of microcontroller. Light having photon, energize the semiconductor which breaks the forbidden energy gap of semiconductor and electron are made to excite from valance band to conduction band, causing the current to flow. This D.C power is directly fed to a rechargeable battery without the use of a charge controller because of low power applications. Then this power is supplied to the inverter (dc to ac converter) which is connected to load.

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Edge Detection by Using Canny and Prewitt[ ]


Edge detection is the name for a set of mathematical methods which aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or more formally, has discontinuities. Edge detection is one of the most important stages in image processing. It enables features such as curves, lines and corners to be extracted for the purpose of image identification. In this paper several masks such as Prewitt and Canny are convolved with various images to extract edge of objects in the images. Comparisons of these edge detectors show that Canny produced the sharpest images and produced the best continuity of the edge lines. Results also showed canny produce sharpest and clear edge then prewitt.

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Analysis the Optimal Location for Installing SVC in a 6-Bus System using Mi-Power Simulation[ ]


This paper gives the retdection for finding out optimal location for installed SVC in a ^bus system and also deals with transmis-sion loss minimization by installing SVC in different buses for the given system. This paper also helps to determined various power losses in different buses. It also portrays different bus voltages and reactive power compensate by connecting SVC in the different buses for the given 6 bus system.

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GSM Based Fire Sensor Alarm Using Arduino[ ]


Security and automation is prime concern in our day to day life. The approach to home and industrial automation and security system design is almost standardized nowadays. In this paper, we have tried to increase this standard by combining new techniques and developed a low cost home and industrial automated security systems. Everyone wants to be as much as secure as possible. The design of simple hardware circuit enables every user to use this fire sensor, temperature sensor, gas sensor, smoke sensor at home and industries.

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