NCIETD-2017- National Conference On Innovations In Electronics And Telecommunication Design

"NCIETD 2017 Conference Papers "

Arc-Flash Problems in Low-Voltage Switchboards:A Case Study in Arc Fault Protection[ ]


Offshore installations often push switchgear to the limit of their rated current and short-circuit withstanding capacity and, in some cases, even above. This is due to the increase in the number of electrically driven loads and the severe space and weight restrictions offshore. The same is being seen now for onshore installations where there is often limited space for new production facilities. Expansion of existing plants results in both increased rated and short-circuit currents and, in some cases, more complex switching arrangements, some of which could cause switchgear ratings to be exceeded. There are several techniques that can be used to cope with such situations. In some cases, it is sufficient to provide interlocking to prevent unacceptable operating conditions from occurring. In other cases, it is necessary to add pyrotechnic fault current limiters (FCLs) to prevent equipment destruction should a short circuit occur. As with all equipment, it is necessary to understand how FCLs operate in order to be sure that they are correctly integrated into the power system.This paper will review several techniques that have been used in applications to ensure switchgear integrity. There is a special focus on the correct integration of FCLs. We consider such measures to be an integral part of the switchgear, thus allowing verification of all safety features during the equipment design and testing phases Prior to arrival at site. The project specifications should include all planned future growth to ensure that the power system and switchgear be designed accordingly.

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Modern Radar Signal Processor[ ]


In this paper a modern radar signal processing various stages have been studied. In modern radar sets the conversion of radar signals to digital form is typically accomplished after IF amplification and phase sensitive detection. The signal processor is that part of the system which separates targets from clutter on the basis of Doppler content and amplitude characteristics. All measures are referred to as radar signal processing and radar data processing that calculates from the received echo signal an evaluable image on the radar display. With radar signal processing is referred the part that is still dealing with the analogue (or often present even as a digital value) magnitude of the echo signal.

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A study of an analog circuitry MPPT based on P&O algorithm.[ ]


A Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is an important tool for obtaining maximum power output from a solar panel at any given intensity of the solar energy. An analog circuitry is attractive because of its low cost and effectiveness and capability ofeasy integration with a normal DC/DC controller such that“plug and play” can be expected for many photovoltaic (PV)applications[1]. In this paper, a study on one of the analog circuitry used in MPPT is carried out. The analog circuit works on the algorithm of perturbation and observation (P&O). Different components are used in the circuitry to optimize its output like storage cells and logic gates.

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Awareness of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in India – Approaches and Utilization[ ]


The concept of Focused Ultrasound is yet at its initial stages in various countries including India. Its awareness among renowned practitioners was analysed at various hospitals in both rural and urban areas in India to understand the intensity of need to make more people aware of it.

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A comparison of study of traffic handling efficiency of STM 16 devices between Huawei OptiX 3500 and Tejas TJ 1400[ ]


The purpose of this paper is to do comparison of study of traffic handling efficiency of STM 16 devices between Huawei OptiX 3500 and Tejas TJ 1400.The present study will compare the efficiency of both the products. The development in transmission systems like MADM and DWDM is going towards higher bandwidth handling capacity of traffic. The development of mobile generation from 1G to 5G, requirement of higher bandwidth for lease-line, internet broadband and NGN, includes the requirement of higher bandwidth/traffic handling capacity of transmission system. All latest development in the field of PSTN, broadband and mobile needs higher bandwidth to meet the purpose of technology

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Design and Simulation of UART Module with BIST Techninque[ ]


In the life cycle of a VLSI device including VLSI development process, testing is performed at various stages. Testing results into production of defect free device. BIST is a technique that allows a system to test automatically itself. BIST generate test pattern automatically, so it can provide less time as compared to an externally applied test pattern and helps to achieve more productivity at the end. Universal Asynchronous Receiver transmitter (UART) is programmable module that is primarily used for asynchronous serial communication. UART module with BIST technique is designed in verilog HDL and Xilinx is used for synthesis and simulation. This design eliminate need for higher expensive tester and offers promising approach for data exchange with reduced development time and cost.

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Design Constraints of Silicon Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells: A Study[ ]


With the use of proper selective contact, the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell can be increased. Usage of the diffused p-n homojunction photovoltaic cell leads to the degradation of material and increase in the overall fabrication budget. So heterojunction cells with proper metal oxide-selective contact are the best candidates in achieving high efficiency along with reduced cost. These metal oxides with proper band offset replaces the back surface field and the heavily doped emitter and leads to the enhanced cell performance. This paper provides the overview of the design issues of both electron selective oxides and hole selective oxides. In addition to this, a comparison of electrons and hole selective contacts on the basis of effects such as Fermi level pinning and surface passivation has been portrayed.

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NETWORK FUNCTION VIRTUALIZATION & ITS IMPACT ON 5G[ ]


In this paper of network function virtualization and its impact on 5G has been reviewed. Network function virtualization that virtualizes entire classes of network node functions into building blocks that may connect, or chain together, to create communication services. The goal of NFV is to shift the network functions from dedicated hardware devices and allow network services that are now being carried out by router firewalls load balancers and other dedicated hardware devices to be hosted on virtual machines (VMs). The NFV is important because it helps the network administrators no longer need to purchase dedicated hardware devices in order to build a service chain. Because server capacity will be able to be added through software, there will be no need for network administrators to add on their data centers, which will reduce both capital expenses (CAPex) and operating expenses (OPex). If an application running on a VM required more bandwidth, then the administrator could move the VM to another physical server or provide another virtual machine on the original server to take part of the load. This flexibility will allow an IT department to respond in a faster manner to change business goals and network service demands. The Aim of Network Function Virtualisation is to transform the way, the network operator’s designs networks, by evolving standard IT virtualisation technology to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume servers, switches and storage, which could be located in Data centres, these virtual appliances can be instantiated on demand without the installation of new equipment.

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SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORK[ ]


As the network traffic increasing daily, the consumption of resources increasing with the same rate. Cloud computing data centers are becoming gradually popular and important for provisioning the computer networking resources. In the past, it has been observed that a lot of importance was given to the resources that could be employed using Virtualization technology. But recently, the focus is moving from the data center for LAN and WAN to Cloud computing as the core system infrastructure. The requirements for such implementations depend on computer resources, storage and networking which in a way is becoming Software Defined Network (SDN). Instead of limiting the need for physical infrastructure and applications, the precisely defined network in virtual environment is the future. Software Defined Network plays an important role in providing the common platform to all the possible applications, innovations, operators, vendors and hardware components. The main objective of this literature review is to do research work and describes the ongoing efforts to address the thought-provoking issues.

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Improving Hearing Capability by Simulation of Speech Signal Algorithm using MATLAB[ ]


Hearing impaired people use sound amplifying device to improve their hearing capability. Such devices are called Hearing aids or deaf aid. In this paper emphases have been laid on designing a Simulink based Model. This model mainly contains a digital filter bank which can separate input speech signal into different bands and then automatically adjust its gain. The Simulink model also contain other blocks like converters (A to D and D to A), compressor and gain control block.

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Improvement of Power System Transient Stability using TCSC, SSSC and UPFC[ ]


This paper presents the transient stability enhancement of a multimachine system using series FACTS controllers. Series FACTS controller devices i.e. TCSC, SSSC and UPFC have been used in this paper for enhancing the transient stability of the system. Time domain simulations are carried on PSAT (Power System Analysis Tool box). The simulation results demonstrate that transient stability improves commendably of the multimachine system by using TCSC, SSSC and UPFC. Eigen values analysis also has been done during prefault condition, fault condition and with Series FACTS controllers i.e. TCSC, SSSC and UPFC. It also been observed that UPFC gives better transient stability enhancement as compared to TCSC and SSSC.

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IOT Meets Robotics - First Steps, RIOT Car, and Perspectives[ ]


We present a cloud-enhanced, four-wheeled, mobile minirobot, assembled from low-cost, off-the-shelf hardware parts, and open-source software building blocks. These building blocks provide a reusable & extensible base for emerging applications mixing robotics with the Internet of Things.

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Reduction of Noise in Images using Modified Sigma Filter to preserve small edge in an image[ ]


Noise reduction plays a very important processing step in digital imaging. Different types of filters were used for image de-noising. Among them, sigma filter has shown good results both in terms of filtering accuracy and computational complexity. However, the sigma filter does not preserve well small edges especially for high level of additive noise. Thus we use modified sigma filter which overcomes the disadvantage of the sigma filter. This filter first decomposes the image into four components once in the horizontal and vertical directions and second time in the diagonal directions by performing low and high pass filtering. The Sigma filter is applied on each of these four components and the resulting image is obtained by combining all four processed components.The benefits of the Modified Sigma Filter is that the small edges and thin lines are retained to a great extent. But this method is computationally very complex as the image is to be decomposed into 4 components and the sigma filter is to be applied on each of the component separately. In order to reduce the computational complexity while achieving better results, the Cross Sigma and Recursive Cross Sigma filters are used.

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A Review of FPGA implementation of Internet Of Things[ ]


A hot topic in today’s context, FPGA implementation of Internet of Things (IOT) is recently introduced technique. The Internet of things is connecting people and smart devices on a scale that was once unimaginable. One more challenge for IOT is to handle vast amount of sensing the data generated from smart devices that are resource limited and subject to missing data due to link failures. By implementing IOT on FPGA platform, we present a concept in this paper, i.e. the use of low cost FPGA implementation of entire IOT subset including TCP/IP protocol, Control System, Data Acquisition etc. The IOT applications on FPGA platform have received significant attention from the research community in the past few years. This technique offers a complete, low cost, powerful and user-friendly way of 24 hours real-time monitoring and remote sensing system. The main aim of this research is to highlight how the users can access the FPGA based design resources from anywhere. Thus we present a concept that shortens the application of momentarily unused resources for executing various tasks automatically.

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Industrial Automation:Overview of the Internet of Things (IoT)[ ]


This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

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Model Predictive Control Of Dc Motor Model In Matlab[ ]


The Growing need of industry for higher productivity is placing new demands on mechanisms connected with electrical motors. This is leading to different problems in work operation due to fast dynamics and instability. The stability of the system is essential to work at desired set targets. The nonlinear effects caused by a motor frequently reduce stability which reduces the controller’s ability to maintain speed or position at set points. Hence number of the industrial process applications requires position control of DC motor. DC motors have traditionally been modeled as second order linear systems, which ignores the dead nonlinear zone of the motor. The paper gives insight into Model Predictive Control and run MATLAB simulations to show some of the theory for linear systems using a generalized system. The importance of MPC, components of MPC is mentioned and some of its practical applications on DC Motor are presented. This paper gives basics of MPC, use of MPC TOOLBOX for DC Motor modeling and Control.

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Image Compression in MATLAB [ ]


In recent years, the development and demand of multimedia product grows increasingly fast, contributing to insufficient bandwidth of network and storage of memory device. Therefore, the theory of data compression becomes more and more significant for reducing the data redundancy to save more hardware space and transmission bandwidth. In computer science and information theory, data compression or source coding is the process of encoding information using fewer bits or other information-bearing units than an un-encoded representation. Compression is useful because it helps reduce the consumption of expensive resources such as hard disk space or transmission bandwidth.

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Comparison of V-I characteristics of two different region on the variation of solar radiation on Matlab Software[ ]


ABSTRACT:A solar cell is an electrical device that converts the energy of  light  directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are the building blocks of photovoltaic modules, known as solar panels. There are different parameters on which solar cell efficiency is depend upon i.e Absorption coefficient, wavelength, Band Gap, Material, Fill factor ,voltage open circuit (Voc), short circuit current (Isc). The most important parameter is wavelength of light. Visible light is a very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, range of energy wavelengths that includes radio waves, light and X-rays. Visible light waves lie between 400 and 700 nanometers. Different region in India have different light intensity as it depends on weather .This paper compares the solar radiation of two regions Faridabad and Srinagar it is important because If wavelength of light is small then it get absorbed fast in the solar cell top region and which lead to create large no of electrons holes pairs due to which current produce is more hence efficiency also get increased. This paper enough to do efforts in this direction. The implementation is done in Matlab on the basis of variation of solar radiation intensity in different region .

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PROJECT V STAR:SOLAR PANEL CLEANING ROBOT[ ]


The PROJECT V STAR is to design and implement a solar panel cleaning robot which can self charge it’s battery and clean the dust on the solar panel only during the night time.

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Embedded System Design And Challenges[ ]


Many embedded systems have different design constraints. Design culture dysfunction make design difficult to be successfully applying tools to embedded system. Integration of system design is increased. Due this there is a widening gap in size and complexity of chip-level design and design capabilities. To bridge this gap in design productivity a number of advances have been made in high-level modeling and validation. Specifically advances have been made in ‘Abstraction and Reuse ` and ‘Structured design methods `. Structured design methods are Component-Based Design and Platform Based Design. There are many trends for design embedded system. Out of that highly programmed platform and UML for embedded software development are recent one. In unified embedded system development methodology, these two can be combined.

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Internet of Things(IoT)-Overview[ ]


The Internet of Things(IoT) gives is the inter-networking of physical devices, buildings and other items-embedded with electronics, sensors, actuators and network connectivity that enable these objects to generate, exchange and consume data with minimal human intervention. This paper gives an introduction to Internet of Things(IoT).

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A Review on Dielectric Resonator Antenna & Its Industrial Applications[ ]


This Paper presents an analysis of investigation on dielectric resonator antenna (DRA’s) over the last three to four decades. In every decade the research would come up with new trends. The current status of the dielectric resonator antenna technology is now reviewed. Always the evaluation has been done on the foundation of around vital parameters that include Bandwidth, Efficiency, Realized Gain, Dielectric constant, dimensions, and DRA material used.This paper includes a comparison and designed of various configurations of DRA’s for various applications have been appraised. From the comparison, it is clear that Weighted configuration of rectangular DRA gives the best results. It encompasses three rectangular DRA of different dimensions with dielectric constant 2.1 piled together. It works in the Bandwidth range of 6 MHz giving a Peak Realized Gain of 6.47 dB at 5.7 GHz. The enhanced Bandwidth and Gain is achieved if the dielectric constant of the material is decreased, however, the dielectric constant antenna is inversely proportional to the size of the antenna. Hence, there is a steadiness between the size and the Bandwidth depending on the requirement.

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GREEN CLOUD COMPUTING[ ]


Wile searching for information about cloud computing over the internet, I came across a computing keyword that is Green Computing. After so much of research on this term I myself tried to have the clear vision about it. This paper will help the researchers and administrators to have a clear understanding of Green Computing. In this modern era of globalization, computers play a vital role in every field, so the needs of computers increased day by day and, to full fill this need, a large amount of electricity required for manufacturing of computers functional units, such as CPU, memory, monitors and peripheral devices etc. By this a large amount of carbon content consumes in the atmosphere. These carbon contents directly or indirectly impact us and responsible for hazards on the earth. However, the growing demand of Cloud infrastructure has drastically increased the energy consumption of data centres, which has become a critical issue. High energy consumption not only translates to high operational cost, which reduces the profit margin of Cloud providers, but also leads to high carbon emissions which is not environmentally friendly. There are many technique used by intelligent people to overcome this problem, one of that technique is Green computing. Green Computing takes responsibility of eco-friendly use of computer and their resources. In order to design such solutions, deep analysis of Cloud is required with respect to their power efficiency. Mainly, IT industries are responsible for 3% of the world’s energy consumption with an increase of 20% per year. The main goal of Green computing is to increase the efficiency of the IT products during its lifecycle and endorse the recycling of useless goods and factory waste. This paper introduces some energy efficient techniques of green computing and their use in future.

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Compact wideband MSA For wireless applications [ ]


Modified shaped compact microstrip patch antenna is proposed in this paper for wide band operation. Modified shaped microstrip patch antenna is used to obtain wide bandwidth. The obtained impedance bandwidth for 10 dB return loss is coming out to be 31 % (530 MHz) of the center frequency at 1.71 GHz. Compact sized, wide bandwidth antenna is practically applicable for the wireless communication systems.

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A Review of Recent Methods which are used for the solution of Economic Dispatch (ED) problem of Power System[ ]


This papers presents a review of various methods that are currently employed for the solution of classical Economic Dispatch (ED) problem of power system. It starts with a brief summary of early work in this field. The recent techniques that are based on Steepest Decline method, Local minimum analysis, Risk constrained method, Cross-Entropy method are reviewed next. The usage of Distributed Dynamic programming based approach is discussed and reviewed. This method refers to the discrete economic dispatch problem and its formulation. Lastly, a review of Bisection method is provided in the paper.

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Security improvement in IOT based on Software[ ]


With the ever growing internet and interconnection among everything, the need for security is a demand of the time. Internet of things (IOT) which connects every object or device with networking capabilities is an area of great concern related to security. Objects include home automation sensors, medical equipments, vehicular sensors, nuclear reactors and any life critical real time sensing devices . This means that lack of security in IOT can pose a risk to human lives. IOT comprises of many heterogeneous devices which use diverse protocols. Each protocol follows different access mechanisms and security measures. But a unified security mechanism is still not in place in IOT. Conventional security approaches like Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS), Firewall are deployed at internet edge devices to protect from external attacks. But in case of IOT which is seamless and borderless network access control become more difficult. In this paper, we discuss the current state of IOT, security challenges in IOT. We describe the need for SDN and its evolution. Further we analyze architecture of IOT based on SDN. Finally a security framework has been proposed based on SDN-IOT architecture.

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Enhancement of Static Voltage Stability using TCSC and SVC[ ]


Restructuring of electricity markets is adding new complexities due to the presence of large number of market players. The congestion in transmission lines is one such effect born out of restructuring exercise.Mitigation of congestion was easier in vertically integrated utilities but this is more complex in restructured system. This paper examines the effect of TCSC and SVC in improvement of power flow and voltage stability enhancement in a power network. The proposal has been tested on IEEE-14 bus system.

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Optimization of Bandwidth for Dedicated Path Protection for SONET/SDH Networks[ ]


Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are Time-Division Multiplexing processes (TDMA) that are used to provide the bandwidth Services for the data users. In dedicated path protection, a real time network engine has been developed and implemented for the use of application for the SONET/SDH network. Dedicated path protection scheme has been investigated and implemented by real time network engine and performance matrices like blocking probability, Quality of services, accepted request and rejected request have been analyzed. The performance is evaluated for different values for the relative weight of dedicated path for the complete and minimum information scenarios. The number of accepted requests has been improved through the dedicated path protection algorithm. At alpha 0.1 the percentage of accepted number of requests are 86% and bandwidth utilization is 25%. At alpha 0.5 the percentage of number of accepted requests enhanced to 98% and bandwidth utilization up to 32%. The proposed algorithm yields better results as compared to previous work

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A Review on Trends & Perspectives of Mobile Cloud Computing[ ]


Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) which combines mobile computing and cloud computing, has become one of the industry buzz words and a major discussion thread in the IT world since 2009. As MCC is still at the early stage of development, it is necessary to grasp a thorough understanding of the technology in order to point out the direction of future research. With the latter aim, this paper presents a review on the background and principle of MCC, characteristics, recent research work, and future research trends. A brief account on the background of MCC: from mobile computing to cloud computing is presented and then followed with a discussion on characteristics and recent research work. It then analyses the features and infrastructure of mobile cloud computing. The rest of the paper analyses the challenges of mobile cloud computing, summary of some research projects related to this area, and points out promising future research directions.

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A REVIEW on LI-FI: (LIGHT-FEDILITY)[ ]


This paper attempts to clarify the difference between visible light communication (VLC) and light-fidelity (Li-Fi). In particular, it will show how Li-Fi takes VLC further by using light emitting diodes (LEDs) to realize .This paper attempts to clarify the difference between visible light communication (VLC) and light-fidelity (Li-Fi). In particularly networked wireless systems. Synergies are harnessed as luminaries become Li-Fi auto cells resulting in enhanced wireless capacity providing the necessary connectivity to realize the Internet-of-Things, and contributing to the key performance indicators for the fifth generation of cellular systems (5G) and beyond. It covers all of the key research areas from Li-Fi components to hybrid Li-Fi/wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) networks to illustrate that Li-Fi auto cells are not a theoretical concept any more, but at the point of real-world deployment.

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Edge Computing: Needs, Concerns and Challenges[ ]


In numerous parts of computing, there has been a continuous issue between the centralization and decentralization aspect which prompted to move from mainframes to PCs and local networks in the past, and union of services and applications in clouds and data centers. The expansion of technological advances such as high capacity mobile end-user devices, powerful dedicated connection boxes deployed in most homes, powerful wireless networks, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices along with developing client worries about protection, trust and independence calls for handling the information at the edge of the network. This requires taking the control of computing applications, information and services away from the core to the other the edge of the Internet. Relevance of cloud computing to mobile networks is on an upward spiral. Edge computing can possibly address the concerns of response time requirement, bandwidth cost saving, elastic scalability, battery life constraint, QoS, etc. MEC additionally offers, high bandwidth environment, ultra-low latency that gives real-time access to radio networks at the edge of the mobile network. Currently, it is being used for enabling on-demand elastic access to, or an interaction with a shared pool of reconfigurable computing resources such as servers, peer devices, storage, applications, and at the edge of the wireless network in close proximity to mobile users. It overcomes obstacles of traditional central clouds by offering wireless network information and local context awareness as well as low latency and bandwidth conservation. In this paper, we introduce edge computing and edge cloud, followed by why do we need edge computing, its classifications, various frameworks, applications and several case studies. Finally, we will present several challenges, concerns and future scope in the field of edge computing.

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Performance evaluation of OFDM using various modulation subcarriers in AWGN [ ]


OFDM is based on parallel data transmission scheme that reduces the effects of multipath fading and renders complex equalizers unnecessary so it is used in wireless LAN (WLAN) systems. Other applications are Asymmetric Digital Subscriber line (ADSL), Digital Audio Video Broadcasting, Power line communication. In this paper, I have studied and simulated the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology that compares theoretical and practical values of OFDM for various subcarriers under AWGN channel using BPSK and QPSK modulation techniques separately using SIMULINK model. Essentially, comparison study is carried out to obtain the performance for OFDM under the number of sub carriers as well as modulation techniques for AWGN channel to identify which modulation technique is better for different number of sub carriers.

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Performance analysis of Radio over Fiber system using Direct and External Modulation Schemes[ ]


Abstract— In this paper, the performance of eight dense wavelength division multiplexing optical data channels has been analyzed by employing direct and external intensity modulation schemes. These modulation techniques has been modeled using OptiSystem software(version 14.0). The various performance metrics such as Q-factor, BER, Eye height, Threshold and Eye opening have been evaluated w.r.t wavelength, bit rate and fiber length. Based on the simulation result obtained, it has been observed that external modulation is giving better Q-factor and minimum BER as compared to the direct modulation scheme.

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Performance Comparison of Si and InGaN p-n Junction Solar Cell[ ]


Solar cell is a device which converts solar energy (light-photon) into electricity and is so termed as Photovoltaic device. In this paper, the effect of material parameters on the efficiency of Si(low band gap material) and InGaN(wide band gap material) p-n junction solar is investigated and the results due to these two cells are compared. InxGa1−xN has a direct bandgap span from the infrared (0.69 eV) for InN to the ultraviolet (3.4 eV) of GaN. The efficiency of Si (EG=1.1 eV) , is compared with the efficiency of InGaN (EG=2.66 eV) solar cell. With the help of drift- diffusion model , optimized thicknesses and doping concentrations, the maximum efficiency values are calculated for InGaN and for Si solar cell. The bandgap parameter versus fill factor/open circuit voltage (Voc)/Short circuit current (Jsc) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) are calculated and is considered for evaluation on MATLAB. The solar cell performance is determined by its parameters, viz.,short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and efficiency (Z). In addition to theoretical results, the experimentally determined performance parameters of silicon solar cells in comparison with InGaN are determined.

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TO INCREASE THE EFFICENCY OF UNIVERSITY NETWORKING SYSTEM[ ]


The main aim of this project is to develop a system which can help to solve the Network problem. I was employed at IT services in University as a trainer. In the period of worked I learned many things about networking, communication and got practical on live problems faced in this University. These problems include the cable problems, Wi-Fi communication problems, communications between Blocks ‘A’ Block ‘B’ Block ‘C’ Proxy Server, Switch and fiber communication. I also learned how to work in a team and what are the benefits of it. Here I got exposure for my communication skill along with the knowledge of networking. A given communication can also be characterized by the type of data transmission technology is use on it (for example ,a TCP/IP or system networking architecture); by whether it carries voice, data, or both kind of signals; by who can use the network (public or private); usual nature of its connections (dial-up or switched, dedicated or no switched, or virtual connection); and by the types of physical links (for example, optical fiber ,coaxial cable, and unshielded twisted pair). The large telephone networks and networking using their infrastructure such as the internet have sharing and exchange arrangements the larger network are created.

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