NCACE- 2022: National Conference On Advances In Civil Engineering

"NCACE 2022 Conference Papers "

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Removal of Organic Waste From Pulp and Paper Industry By Electrochemical Process[ ]


Pulp and paper industry one of largest industry in India. These Industries disturbing the ecological balance of the environment by discharging a wide variety of wastewater. Depending upon the nature of raw material ,the wastewater is generated per metric tonne of paper produced . The paper-making process requires large amount of water for the production processes, hence it is a water-intensive process. The paper mil l wastewater characteristically contains colour, very high level of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), due to presence of lignin and its derivatives from the raw cellulosic materials, chlorinated compounds, suspended solids (mainly fibres), fatty acids, tannins, resin acids, sulphur and sulphur compounds etc. In this project with the development of electric field we are conducting the electrochemical Process which are innovative, more effective and inexpensive technologies for treatment of waste water. In this study we are mainly focusing on electrochemical process like Electrocoagulation and Electro-fenton and comparing the removal efficiency of organic wastes by these methods.

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Influence of Substrate Concentration on the Defluoridation Performance of Microbial Desalination Cell[ ]


Fluorides are introduced into the environment either naturally by fluoride bearing host rocks and volcanic ash, or by effluents from various industries like semiconductors, aluminium, etc. Drinking water with fluoride levels up to 1.5 mg/L is beneficial as it prevents dental decay, but concentrations > 1.5 mg/L cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. Existing efficient defluoridation techniques are energy intensive, require chemical addition, and generate large amounts of sludge, which require further treatment prior to disposal. Recently, microbial desalination cells (MDCs) have been developed for desalination without the application of external energy. Microbial desalination cells are an emerging concept that uses bioelectric potential produced from microbial metabolism to carryout desalination. MDCs consist of three compartments the anode, the cathode, and a salt compartment, which is placed between the anode and the cathode. This study is a laboratory experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of using MDC technology to remove contaminated fluoride (F-) ions in ground water. In this study we observe the cell efficiency according to the substrate concentrations of anode chamber. Here, we synthetically produce 3 mg/L concentration of fluoride solution which is to be placed in salt compartment (middle chamber). Substrate concentrations of 1.5 and 2 g/L acetate were placed on anode chamber along with sludge extracted from anaerobic reactor. Current generation and substrate degradation in anode chamber are also experimentally studying. The permissible level of 1.5 mg/L of F- was achieved within 12 hrs for 2 g/L acetate concentration, while the 1.5 g/L acetate concentration took 18 hrs when, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) coated carbon cloth (CCDMSO) electrode was used in anode. Similarly, permissible limit obtained within 18 hrs for 2 g/L, while it takes about 24 hours to achieve permissible limit when bare carbon cloth (CC) were used. Also, maximum power density obtained in 2 g/L acetate concentration was 3.3- 3.4 times higher than that of 1.5 g/L acetate concentration, both in CCDMSO and bare CC.

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Removal of Heavy Metal and Decolorization of Textile Water using Synthesized PAC and Natural Coagulant[ ]


This study is aimed to expose and understand the level of pollution and hazardous factors owning to the textile dyeing effluents and to assess the coagulant efficiency of poly aluminium chloride (PAC) prepared from used beverages cans and comparing with efficiency of banana stem bile juice as a natural coagulant agent for treating the textile dyeing effluents. The present work aims at optimizing the dosage and contact period of the coagulants and to understand the removal efficiency of heavy metal (cadmium) along with different water parameters such as color, BOD, COD, TSS, turbidity and pH. Coagulation process was done by preparing a coagulation set up consisting six beakers with six motors running in a fixed speed of 150 rpm for different dosage and contact period. The prior aim of the study was to analyse the removal efficiency of heavy metal (cadmium) and color in the textile water. The removal effiencicy of heavy metal was obtained 81.2% and 80.13% for PAC and banana stem coagulant respectively. Aslo the removal efficiency of colour from textile effluents was 78.35% for PAC and 76.1% for banana stem coagulant. Data gained from the studies verifies that two coagulant agents are efficient, but banana stem coagulant, eventhough a natural coagulant, undergoes fermentation soon after 12hrs of preparation. Hence, PAC is comparatively found be more efficient for decolorization and easy removal of heavy metal from textile waste.

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Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Building With Coupled Shear Wall Using Etabs Software[ ]


Coupled shear wall are one of the systems commonly used to resist lateral forces in medium to high rise buildings located in seismically active regions. In this paper, four models with coupled shear wall placed at different location were considered for the analysis. These models have modeled in Etabs vs 2018 software according to IS codes and time history analysis were conducted. Storey displacement, storey stiffness, storey drift and quantity of concrete is studied for all models.

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Comparison of Material Flow Analysis in Kannur and Kozhikode Corporation and Proposing Methods for Treating Untreated Waste[ ]


with rapid growth of urban population waste management becomes a major crisis faced in most of our cities. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an inevitable by-product of our actions. It is a mixture of various solid wastes by towns and cities from different type of activities. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is an all-inclusive move towards prevention, recycling, and efficient waste management. ISWM establish equilibrium between the three dimensions of waste management: the efficiency of environmental protection, social acceptability, and economic acceptability. To solve out the waste management issues in a locality, proper understanding of the flow of goods through the existing system is inevitable. It gives a clearer portrait of the appropriate involvement strategies to be adopted. In the case of waste management, the graphical representation of a properly carried out MFA shows the flow of waste materials, products formed, and the emissions in a visually comprehensible and translucent way. In short MFA allows for a thorough assessment of the existing/proposed WMS so that the decision making can be done to solve out the main issues and support in attaining the overall goals of the ISWM plan.The graphical representation can be done by using software called STAN. STAN is freely available software that supports Material/Substance Flow Analysis (MFA/SFA) under the consideration of data uncertainties. It is capable of performing nonlinear data reconciliation based on the conventional weighted leastsquares minimization approach, and error propagation.

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Textile Waste Water Colour Reduction Using Cactus [ ]


Textile industries generates huge quantites of waste water with complex organic and inorganic substances from various processing units. Mainly these textile waste water constituents are acids and alkalis, dyes, print pigments, surfactants etc. The textile effluents present in waste water can cause change in properties of water bodies such as change in temperature, pH, turbidity, COD, BOD, organic loading. Reneawable approaches like the use of natural materials for the removal of pollutants from waste waters can give an effective solution and through that we can achieve sustainability. Cactus is a plant in biological origin can has the potential for the use of textile waste water treatments. Cactus has an ability to reduce the concentration of toxic dyes, COD, BOD, turbidity etc. This paper discuss the textile waste water treatment method using cactus as a coagulant. The initial parameters like pH, turbidity, TDS, colour, BOD and COD of textile waste water are measured as, 9.13, 725 NTU, 6.85 g/l, 510 PCU, 295 mg/l and 826 mg/l respectively. By conducting the natural coagulation using cactus powder as a coagulant in the textile waste water sample the maximum removal in turbidity, BOD, COD, TDS and colour at a dosage value of 1.5 gram is 83.86%, 70.17%, 76.99%, 80.18%, 83.60% respectively.

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Treatment of Dairy Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Method [ ]


Dairy industry is a large-scale food production and dairy processing require large volumes of water for their operations and therefore generate a considerable amount of waste effluents. Dairy wastewater has been a major environmental concern because of mas sive effluents characterized by high pollution load. It is enriched in fat, lactose, nutrients, detergents and sanitizing agents & also contains biodegradable carbohydrates and is characterized by the high BOD and COD, organic and inorganic matters and dissolved/suspended sol ids. Generally dairy wastewaters are treated using aerobic or anaerobic biological methods like activated sludge process, sequencing batch reactor (SBR), anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, anaerobic filters. Aerobic biological processes are energy intensive, whe reas anaerobic methods are poor in nutrient removal.Electrochemical (EC) treatment method is a feasible technique for wastewater treat ment, including dairy wastewater .Electro coagulation has several advantages of simple equipment, ease of operation, less treatment time, reduction of chemicals addition providing rapid sedimentation of flocs, less amount of sludge production .This study is done to investigate the feasibility and suitability of electro coagulation technology for dairy wastewater treatment ,to compare the efficiency in removing pollut ants in dairy waste water by electro coagulation method by using different electrodes, electrode orientation , voltages ,speeds in which the cell rotated,arrangements of cell, current density and to combine the most efficient parameters of the electro coagulation cell for the cost effective treatment of the dairy waste water with maximum efficiency

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Performance of Tinospora cordifolia (Chittamrit) for Defluoridation of Water[ ]


An adsorption batch study was carried out by using Tinospora cordifolia as a bio-adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution. In the batch study the adsorbent size, adsorbent dosage, initial fluoride concentration and the time of contact are considered. The adsorbent is dried using the sunlight and powdered using grinder and sieved through the 300µm, 150µm, 75µm sieves to obtain the corresponding particle size. Here we applied the adsorbent dosage as 1 g/l, 2.5 g/l and 3 g/l. The initial concentration of fluoride as 3 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 7 mg/l. 5,10,15,30 and 45 minutes are taken as time of contact. The batch study shows that 150 µm sized adsorbent removed fluoride efficiently with a contact time of 30 minutes.

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Seismic Energy Dissipation Enhancement Study of Steel Braced Frames with Steel Dual Ring Damper[ ]


In this research, an innovative cost-effective steel dual-ring damper (SDRD) was utilized on the long member of the Y bracing to increase ductility capacity and reduce the risk of buckling. For this purpose, a single-story single-span frame with Y-shaped bracing was considered and subjected to lateral seismic load and analytically in two cases of SMRF structure with and without damper on Y shaped braces and the parametric study is carried out by changing the parameters of the SDRD dimensions to find the optimum size that is bests suited for the seismic performance of structure. Stiffness, strength, and energy absorption capacities of these frames were compared.

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Mapping of Ground Water Potential Zones by Using ArcGIS [ ]


In our world one of the most important natural resource is water which is occurring both as surface water and groundwater. It is vital for all life on the earth. Developments of our society are dependent on the availability and use of water. The changing climate and global warming have effected the existing surface water.This study investigates the groundwater potential zones in kunnothuparamba, Kannur, Kerala by using ArcGIS 10.8. When we know about the groundwater very well then only we can use that resource. The parameters contributing groundwater recharge and sub-surface flow such as Drainage density, Geology, Land use/ Land cover, Lineament density, Rainfall and Slope are used in this study. The statistical analysis is done by using AHP method. Considering the influence of each parameter in the groundwater recharge, rank and weightage was given and potential groundwater areas were classified into very high, high, moderate, very poor and poor. The result map indicates the potentiality of groundwater availability in various parts of the study area. The ArcGIS based method is effectively performed for identification of groundwater potential zone and the information’s can be used for planning the sustainable groundwater management.

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Adsorptive Removal of 2, 4-D Using Activated Carbon Derived from Waste Biomass[ ]


Degradation and decomposition of the pesticides by natural reagents after use can lead to producing various types of harmful intermediates. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) is a toxic herbicide which kills most broadleaf weeds by causing an uncontrolled growth. In this work, thermally modified date pits treated with acid, a novel low cost biosorbent, was used for the removal of 2,4-D. Acid pretreatment is an essential method in the preparation of adsorbents. Acid treatment on biosorbrnt was observed to be providing more surface area and porosity. Batch experiments was carried out to evaluate the adsorption performance of 2,4-D. The salient parameters such as adsorbent particle size, stirring speed, contact time, biosorbent dosage, solution pH, initial 2,4-D concentrations and working temperature for 2,4-D biosorption were optimized in batch studies. The XRD pattern was identified and the structure of the biosorbent was depicted to be amorphous in nature. The FTIR test was also conducted, which revealed the functional groups such as C-H, C=O, O-H and C tripple bond C in the biosorbent. In this study, acid modified date pits with phosphoric acid gives a maximum adsoption capacity of 96.05%. At pH 4 of the herbicide solution, the maximum removal efficiency of 93.4% was obtained. Biosorbents showed a maximum of 94.3% removal efficiency at 0.1 g of dosage. The activated carbon prepared from the date pits is a promising adsorbent in removing 2,4-D herbicide in waste water.

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Comparison of Water Quality Indices of Surface Water and Ground Water Sources Using Geotextile-Marble Column Filter[ ]


The project is to study about the effectiveness of geotextile and marble chips, in filtration of surface water and ground water. Two kinds of water samples are to be required for the study. Surface water sample is taken from Kuttiadi river. Ground water sample is taken from a tubewell located in Nadapuram, 13 km away from Kuttiadi. Various water quality parameters of both surface water and ground water like turbidity, pH, EC, Chloride, TDS, TSS, total hardness, alkalinity, DO and BOD are to be determined. Then water quality index of both water samples are to be determined to understand the pollution standard. Both water samples are to be filtered through a geotextile – marble column filter. The filter medias used for the experiment are sand, geotextile and marble chips. Filtration process can be repeated by altering the arrangement of filter medias. The water quality parameters and water quality index are to be determined again after filtration. The analysis helps to determine, the most suitable arrangement of filter medias and effectiveness of geotextile-marble column filter in water purification.

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Effectiveness of Natural Coagulants in Comparison with Chemical Coagulant for Domestic Wastewater Treatment[ ]


Natural coagulants have been increasingly popular in the past few years due to its benefits and it can resolve most of the associated problems when using chemical coagulants. The utilization of natural coagulants are safe, eco-friendly, cheap, easier and locally available for wastewater treatment. They can be extracted from various plant components. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and also to assess the possibility of using natural coagulants such as tamarind seed, moringa seed and bagasse ash as an alternative to the current commercial synthetic coagulant such as aluminium sulphate for the treatment of domestic wastewater. Various conditions such as coagulants dosages, stirring time and settling time were varied and their optimum values were obtained. The water parameters like pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, TDS, TSS, BOD and COD were analyzed for wastewater and treated wastewater by different natural coagulants with varying dosages, stirring time and settling time and also compared removal efficiencies of these natural coagulants with alum. This study results show reduction in electrical conductivity, turbidity, TDS, TSS, BOD and COD by using natural coagulants and maximum removal efficiency was found in the combined use of moringa seed and tamarind seed powder. The final effluent can be readily used for irrigation purposes and sludge itself became a good fertilizer.

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Strength Characteristics Study on Si-Mn Coconut Shell Block[ ]


The most common consuming construction material all over the world is concrete. Today construction cost is very high with using conventional materials due to unavailability of natural materials. This problem can be solved by partial replacement of concrete materials. The project aims at analyzing compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete produced using 10%, 12%, 14% and 16% Silico-Manganese as a partial replacement of cement and 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of crushed coconut shell as partial replacement of conventional coarse aggregate. The results show that the maximum high strength is attained at the replacement of 12% of Silico Manganese and 15% of coconut shell.

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Analysis Of Plant Growth And Water Treatment Using Hydroponics Setup[ ]


Hydroponics is a type of horticulture and a part of hydroculture which involve growing plants, generally crops, without soil, by using mineral and nutrient richsolutions in an aqueous solvent. Terrestrial or aquatic plants may grow with their roots suspended in the nutritious solution, or, in addition, the roots may be physically supported by an inert medium such as aggregate, coconut pith powder, gravel, or other substrates. Using Hydroponics system the treatment of domestic and laundry waste water, and growth of plants can be analysed.The plants used are spinach, Indian borage, thulsi etc. In hydroponics, during the plant growth the roots absorb the nutrients from the typical water used and progressively the waste water improves to a certain extend by decreasing its fatal characteristics, these waste water characteristics variations can be detected by taking the water sample and testing its BOD, COD, TSS, pH,TotalNitrogen,Total Alkalinity.

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Effect of Detergents from Laundry Greywater on Soil Properties and Plant Growth[ ]


Laundry wastewater contains detergent compounds which are classes of the organic micro-pollutants. The disposal of these compounds into the land has several adverse effects on soil composition and characteristics. In this study, changes in the soil properties such as water holding capacity, Electrical Conductivity, pH, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium percentage, and sodium ad sorption ratio were examined after the irrigation with laundry wastewater. The experiment consists of irrigating soil samples with first, sec ond, third wash water and analyse the soil for physiochemical parameters. The soil sample is also irrigated with tap water as control treat ment. The various effects of different detergent concentrations on seed germination and on plant growth were also evaluated. The findings highlighted the adverse effects of laundry wastewater discharge on soil properties which brings unfavorable changes in soil physiochemi stry and high detergent concentration is unhealthy for plant growth.

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Monitoring the Seasonal Variations and Tidal Influence in the Water Quality of Kallai Creek[ ]


Water is the most abundantly found resource on this planet and the most wanted resource too, yet knowingly or unknowingly we tend to pollute it. Kallai, though known as the bride of Arabian Sea, has lost its prominence due to the toxic levels of pollution it is carrying. Once, it was known for its timber trading routes from Nilambur to Beypore. The body of water has come to a dangerous phase that any further pollution without any initiative in saving it might dry up the entire water body. The changes in water levels are drastic from a high to low tide. Being linked to the sea, silting is prominent here and also silts are carried by the man-made canal that carries most of the citys’ wastes. This project aims at monitoring the water quality of the creek, and suggesting suitable and necessary mitigating measures.

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Seismic Analysis of RCC Elevated Circular Water Tank with Varying Staging Height[ ]


An elevated water tank is used for storage of water at certain height to provide sufficient pressure in the water distribution system. Water storage tanks are used in municipality and industries. Elevated circular water tank is a critical structure. When in the case of earthquakes, it effect drinking water supply. And also cause to fail in preventing large fires, substantial economic loss. In this study seismic behavior of circular elevated tank was carried out by performing response spectrum analysis using FEM base software (ETABS) as per IS 1893: 2016. The elevated circular water tank analyzed at different H/D ratio and varying staging height at empty condition in seismic zone III and zone V in medium soil condition. Analysis is carried out to find the base shear.

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Pollution Analysis and Instream Treatment For Improvement of Canoli Canal[ ]


Canoli canal or E K canal is a manmade water body flowing through Kozhikode city, constructed in 1848. The canal connects Korapuzha River in the north and the Kallai River in the south. Water quality parameters is tested in different months December, January, February in kallai, kalluthan kadavu, Arayidathupalam, Sarovaram and Korapuzha. The parameters examined are pH, turbidity, conductivity, COD, BOD, chloride, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, iron, fecal coliform and total coliform. Thus inorder to reduce the pollutant load the canal water is passed through a constructed wetland. This project aims at checking the efficiency of this instream treatment in reducing pollutant load.

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Comparative Study of the Use of Sapodilla Seed and Ferrous Sulphate for the Treatment of Grey Water[ ]


Any domestic wastewater except for wastewater from toilets or urinals is termed as grey water. The main sources of grey water include kitchen sinks, baths, washing machines, showers etc. it is important to treat grey water and reuse it for crop irrigation and other domestic purposes like toilet flushing, washing and cleaning purposes. This study aims to a comparative study of the effectiveness of natural coagulant as sapodilla seed extract and artificial coagulant as ferrous sulphate and their combined use as primary coagulants for the treatment of grey water. The grey water sample used for this study is collected from the household. The initial parameters of the grey water were assessed using pH, turbidity, COD, BOD, TDS and TSS and measured as 8.7, 163 NTU, 3493 mg/l, 810 mg/l, 1284 mg/l, 98 mg/l respectively. When the coagulants such as sapodilla seed powder , ferrous sulphate and their combination were agitated with the grey water and the maximum percentage removal in turbidity, at a dosage value of 80 mg/l is 49.75% for sapodilla seed powder, 60 mg/l is 73.25% for ferrous sulphate, and combination of 60%/40% of sapodilla seed/ferrous sulphate ensure a removal efficiency of 78.77%, for COD, at a dosage value of 80 mg/l is 84.08% at a dosage of 80 mg/l for sapodilla seed powder, 60 mg/l is 87.91% for ferrous sulphate, and combination of 70%/30% of sapodilla seed/ferrous sulphate ensure a removal efficiency 90.19%, for BOD, TDS, TSS, at a dosage value of 80 mg/l is 66.17%, 57.32%, 74.89% for sapodilla seed powder, 60 mg/l is 71.11%, 53.11%, 68.37% for ferrous sulphate respectively and combination of 80%/20% of sapodilla/ferrous sulphate ensure a BOD removal efficiency of 73.04%, 70%/30% of sapodilla /ferrous sulphate ensure a TDS removal efficiency of 59.94% and 80%/20% of sapodilla/ferrous sulphate ensure a TSS removal efficiency of 77.96%.

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Treatment of Water and Leachate by Using Electrocoagulation: An Investigation of Parameters of a Landfill [ ]


Solid waste generation is increasing worldwide due to the rampant population and economic growth of its inhabitants. Sanitary landfilling is the most common method and approaches that are used for managing municipal solid wastes (MSWs). Although landfilling is applied as a cheap and effective solution for countries with available space, this application does contain serious environmental risks due to the generation of landfill leachate (LL). The operation of landfill can cause environmental problems due to waste decomposition in the form of leachate production. Leakage of leachate to the environment can damage the water bodies. Leachate is wastewater decomposition of organic waste that can contaminate soil and groundwater if it is not handle properly. Contamination by leachate can be prevented by reducing leachate level before the wastewater reaches the ground. One of the methods used is electrocoagulation. Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical water treatment method where in anode occurred the release of active coagulant as metallic ion, while in cathode occurred the electrolysis reaction in a form of the release of hydrogen gas. This study is objected to investigate the effectiveness of electrocoagulation in removing Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).

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Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Waste Water Treatment Using Rice Husk Ash[ ]


Ayurvedic medicines are growing in popularity worldwide. A huge amount of water is used in pharmaceutical production and it becomes toxic after use. Ayurvedic pharmaceutical industries have become the major contributors of water pollution nowadays. The main reason is the usage of herbs, synthetic chemical in the manufacturing process. Chemical used include alcohol, sugar gelatin, lactose, mineral salts, clay, different organic solvents and also include different alkaloids. Characterization of this wastewater revealed Chemical oxygen demand 1000 mg/L, Biochemical oxygen demand 392 mg/L, Total dissolved solids 1360 mg/L etc. Pharmaceutical waste water can be treated easily by using adsorption methods. Rice husk is an attractive bio-based adsorbent material for pollutant removal since it is one of the low-cost and renewable resources. In this study, rice husk ash (RHA) was used as adsorbent in batch study to remove contaminants and we analysed the removal efficiency of BOD and COD hence we determined the removal efficiency of RHA as an good and inexpensive adsorbent.

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