NAME 2018- National Conference on advances in Mechanical Engineering

"NAME 2018- National Conference on advances in Mechanical Engineering "

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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS ON COMBINATION OF CA6NM ROTOR AND TI 6AL 4V BLADE[ ]


About 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. Steam Turbine is used to convert thermal energy of steam into mechanical energy, which is used to produce electrical energy. Hence steam turbine generator units are being used extensively all over the world for generation of electric power and for co-generation of steam and power. Any improvement in the design of steam turbine rotor enables more efficient use of fuel and results in reduced cost, in this present work analysis of rotor and blade combination were carried out, in which rotor is made up of CA6NM and blade is made up of Ti 6Al 4V material. For this combination modal analysis is carried out to predict the natural frequency along with deformation at the rotational velocity of 91Hz, Campbell diagram analysis is carried out to find out critical speed of the rotor.

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MEASUREMENT OF LOAD USING COMPONENT OF THE UTM AS LOAD SENSING MEMBER[ ]


Measurement of load acting on machines and structures is important from many considerations. Accurate weighing of commodities, applying known load on specimens being tested for strength, safe operation of material handling equipment such as crane are some examples. When the load or forces are to be measured, a load cell is to be placed in the load path. Many times, it is not feasible to insert the load cell in the load path. In such cases, using the machine member themselves for measuring load will be advantageous. This paper involves study of machine members for them to be used for measurement of load and is applied to UTM where load measurement is essential. The load measurement involves identification of critical component in the load path. Once the critical component in the load path is identified, electrical resistance strain gauges are mounted to get maximum output for an applied load. An electronic load meter consisting of amplifier, ADC and display is used to process the electrical signal from the strain gauge to display the load. Load measurement using this load meter compares well (within 6% error) with the existing load measuring device. This method of measurement of load acting on machines and structures is safe, convenient and economical.

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A CONSTRAINT BASED STUDY OF CENTRE CRACKED PLATE SPECIMEN USING NUMERICAL METHOD[ ]


Material fracture characterization is of paramount importance if the failure of that material leads to catastrophic damages in the machine or structure. Stress intensity factor is one such fracture parameter used to characterize the material having a crack under Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) conditions. The constraints near the crack tip/front alter the value of stress components drastically. In this paper an attempt is made to study the constraints effects using various parameters stress triaxiality along the ligament and plastic zone size on CCP specimen by detailed 2D finite element analysis under LEFM conditions for various crack to width ratio. Small scale yielding was ensured by taking 2/3rd of the yield stress as applied load. Results reveal that stress triaxiality and plastic zone size act as effective secondary parameters for Stress intensity factor in LEFM to measure the level of in-plane constraint near crack tip. Authors believe that a thorough 3D analysis is necessary to understand the out of plane constraint effect.

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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING MATLAB[ ]


This paper discusses the response of simply supported, symmetrically laminated composite plates subjected to a uniformly distributed load. ANSYS is used to both model and perform Finite Element Analysis (FEA) on the plate of a 4-ply composite at first. The response of the plate to the uniformly distributed load was analyzed and validated through calculations using MATLAB in coherence with the classical lamination theory. Once the FEA had been validated, an investigation on the effects of the fiber orientation to the displacement value was conducted for different cases of symmetric 4-ply layup. The same analysis was completed and validated for a 20-ply plate and in addition will reveal the effect of stacking sequence on bending stiffness.

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BENDING BEHAVIOR OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED SKEW PLATES[ ]


This paper presents the deflection studies made on skew plates subjected to uniformly distributed load/concentrated load for simply supported boundary conditions using MSC/NASTRAN. The CQUAD4 and CQUAD8 elements of MSC/NASTRAN are validated against literature values. The CQUAD8 element has been found to yield better results compared with the CQUAD4 element and hence it used in the present studies. The variation of deflection for isotropic skew plates with aspect ratio and length to thickness ratio are presented. The deflections are found to decrease with increase in the skew angle.

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INVESTIGATIONS ON FLY ASH REINFORCED PHENOLIC COMPOSITE FOR GREEN ENVIRONMENT[ ]


Fly ash is the major waste product of the coal based thermal power plants. The accumulation of fly ash in large quantities becomes a major and significant disposal problem and leads to environmental pollution. The main objective of this research is to explore the possibilities of using fly ash in the development of eco-friendly composite for green environment. Eco-friendly composite is prepared by uniform mixing of fly ash and phenolic resin in equal proportions. The significant effect of fly ash on the physical and mechanical properties of eco-friendly composite is experimentally investigated as per ASTM standards. The result reveals that the physical and mechanical properties of developed eco-friendly composite using fly ash as a major reinforcing constituent makes it a potential material for engineering structural applications.

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SYNTHESIS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY EVALUATION OF IN-SITU PREPARED AL-TIC COMPOSITES[ ]


In the present research work, synthesis and characterization of in-situ Al-TiC composites was carried out. In-situ Al-TiC with 3%, 6% and 8% composite was produced by introducing carbon bearing activated charcoal in to an Al-Ti melt, thereby forming TiC particles in the melt. Mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength and hardness of Al-TiC composites have been investigated. The degree of improvement of mechanical properties of composites strongly dependent on percentage of TiC formed. SEM test was performed on the prepared Al-TiC test specimen, micrograph shows the formation of TiC in the composite.

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MICROSTRUCTURE AND TENSILE CHARACTERISTICS OF 1% MN CONTENT ON AUSTEMPERED DUCTILE IRON[ ]


The effect of high Mn content on microstructure and tensile characteristics of ADI at 300, 350 and 400 0C for 2 hours has been studied. Optical studies reveal acircular bainite structure at 3000C. Higher Mn content resists carbon diffusion rate in the region of Mn, where in stage II carbides starts to precipitate near graphite nodules before the completion of ferrite laths growth in the region away from the nodules generates more unreacted austenite volume with lower carbon presence turns to martensite during cooling around the periperhal shape creating austenite-martensite zone at 350 0C and much more observed at 4000C. Austempering at 300 0C results in improvement of tensile characteristics but the presence of stage II carbides and austenite-martensite zone in the intercellular regions and due to their embrittlement construct easy crack path for initiation and propogation detoriating the tensile properties at 3500C and 4000C.

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INVESTIGATION ON MACHINABILITY OF ALUMINIUM2014 REINFORCED WITH BORON CARBIDE AND SHORT BASALT FIBER BASED HYBRID COMPOSITES[ ]


Metal matrix composites are widely used in aerospace, automobile, Marine, electronics and sporting goods industries, nuclear biotechnology. The aluminium Alloy can be strengthened by reinforcing with hard ceramic particles like SiC, Al2O3, B4C etc. In the present investigation an effort is made to optimize the machinability of cast samples of HAMCs by reinforcing AA2014 matrix with B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber. AA2014, Boron carbide and Short Basalt fiber hybrid metal matrix composites were fabricated by stir casting technique with different wt% of B4C and Basalt fiber. The samples in the form of circular rods of 14mm diameter and 180mm length were prepared by die casting method. The effect of reinforcements with varying parameters such as cutting speed, depth of cut & Feed on the power consumption are estimated using lathe tool Dynamometer. The results shows that to increase in the wt% of B4C and Basalt fiber the power consumed by the cast samples were found to be increased due to better interfacial Bonding between Matrix and reinforcing particles.

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CIP CONSOLIDATED AND MICROWAVE SINTERED NANOCRYSTALLINE BULK TiNiCu SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY[ ]


TiNiCu alloy powder synthesized by mechanically alloying (MA) elemental powders exhibits metallic glass structure at longer ball milling duration. However, mechanical alloying due to ball milling duration of 50 hours indicates partial amorphous/nanocrystalline structure. Transition from elemental to ternary (NiCuO) and binary phases (TiNi, NiCu and tenorite) occur during ball milling process. Mechanically alloyed powders (75 hours of milling time) consolidated by cold isostatic pressing (CIP) showed partial transition from amorphous to crystalline structure during microwave sintering. Sintering process triggered the formation of intermetallic phases (Cu3Ti2 and Ni90Cu10O, TiNiCu, NiTi, Ni, Cu and CuNi), however crystallite size remained in the nanoscale regime. Unalloyed Ni and Cu crystallites were prevalent in the amorphous bulk TiNiCu glass. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization showed amorphous and crystalline structures during ball milling and consolidation respectively. During longer milling time B2 austenite and B19 (orthorhombic) martensite phases were formed as revealed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) investigation. During consolidation, stress and temperature induced transition of B2 to B19 (orthorhombic) and B19→B19’ (Monoclinic) phase occurred revealing the susceptibility for shape memory effect (SME). Partial crystallization of amorphous phase into more stable TiNiCu (B19) martensite structure occurs during cooling cycle of microwave sintering.

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DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF WATER QUALITY TESTING DEVICE[ ]


Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, and drinking water. Water quality is mainly categorized based on, human consumption, industrial and domestic use, etc. It is very important to know the water quality before drinking it, in order to achieve better social health, a device was developed which over comes the problems of conventional lab testing such as delayed results, bad user interface, cost effectiveness etc. the ultimate aim of the device is to reach water quality awareness even to a common thirsty man. The device was developed and tested for repeatability, time per testing, etc. and found to be satisfactory. the construction, working process , testing on various water samples are discussed in detail.

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REVIEW ON STATE OF ART AND TECHNIQUES IN HIGH PRESSURE DIE-CASTING (HPDC)[ ]


In this review or research paper we have discussed about how to reduce the defects by different means or process. The casting industries main work is to reduce defects and give better and good quality products. So to achieve this, the processes involved in casting should be done properly. In this paper it is explained about what type of materials should be used and its properties and what kind of experimental methods should be done to know better materials and the different kinds of optimization should be done for better results that to be applied practically and the simulation to know where it effects the material or where is best part present in the material. This paper presents on how to reduce or minimize defects by different authors, the research work made by them and to improve quality of casting.

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DESIGN, FABRICATION AND AUTOMATION OF INDEXING DRILL JIG[ ]


An automatic indexing drill jig has been designed and fabricated and installed in a drilling machine. It is a supporting device which holds the work, guides the tool and also locating work piece in its position during machining/drilling process. The main purpose of indexing drill jig is to eliminate the process of marking on the work piece according to the dimensions provided before machining the component and thus the high accuracy is achieved. Drill jig can also perform operations like ream and tap at a sufficient speed and with required accuracy as compared to the process of creating holes conventionally by hand. The role of operator to maintain the accuracy in the process is replaced by the drill jig because of its capability for guiding, clamping and locating of tool and work piece respectively according to the need. The automation in the drill jig is incorporated to make the work easy and accurate. By automation process the advantages like reduction in human errors and idle time is reduced, which increases the production rate.

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CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY IN A DIELECTRIC FLUID LAYER UNDER AN AC ELECTRIC FIELD: EFFECT OF ROBIN THERMAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS[ ]


An investigation is carried out to determine the effect of thermal and electrohydrodynamic boundary conditions on the onset of thermal convection in a dielectric fluid layer under the influence of a vertical AC electric field. Thermal boundary conditions are considered at fixed heat flux or constant temperature of lower surface, while upper surface is considered to be Robin thermal boundary conditions. The problem is solved numerically for the thermal or electric Rayleigh number as the eigenvalue using ninth-order Galerkin type of weighted residual technique. It is found that the thermal or electric Rayleigh number marking the onset of electroconvection is greatest for the thermal boundary condition of fixed temperature and least for fixed heat flux condition. It is observed that increase in the critical electric Rayleigh number, is to hasten the onset of electroconvection, while increase in Biot number, is to delay the onset of electroconvection. Besides, increase in Rayleigh number and decrease in Biot number leads to contraction of cell. Some known results are recovered as special cases from the present study.

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TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT VISCOSITY EFFECT ON BUOYANCY-SURFACE TENSION DRIVEN CONVECTION IN A ROTATING FERROFLUID LAYER AND SUBMITTED TO ROBIN THERMAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS[ ]


The combined effect of buoyancy and surface tension forces in a rotating ferrofluid layer heated from below is studied using linear stability analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations supplemented by Maxwell’s equations and the appropriate magnetic force subjected to temperature dependent viscosity. The lower boundary is considered to be rigid at constant temperature, while the upper boundary free open to the atmosphere is flat and subject to a Robin-type of thermal boundary condition. The weighted residual Galerkin technique is employed to extract the critical stability parameters numerically. It shown that convection sets in as oscillatory motions provided that the Prandtl number is less than unity. A mechanism for suppressing or augmenting Bénard–Marangoni ferroconvection by Coriolis force, temperature dependent viscosity parameter, Biot number, magnetic Rayleigh number and nonlinearity of fluid magnetization parameter is discussed in detail. A few results are known as recovered to special cases.

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COMBINED EFFECT OF INJECTOR OPENING PRESSURE AND INJECTION TIMING ON DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE- A EXPERIMENTAL EXPLORATION[ ]


The application of dairy scum biodiesel in diesel engine is highly marked as it reduces the emissions and foreign fuel dependency. To realize the full potential use of biodiesel in diesel engine slight modifications were made in injection timing (IT) and injector opening pressure (IOP) and investigated the combined effect of IOP and IT on diesel engine performance. The experimental results revealed that operation-B (IT: 26.deg.bTDC, IOP: 230 bar) had shown the improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics when compared to operation-A (IT: 23.deg.bTDC, IOP: 210 bar).

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE FLAMMABILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE BACKSHEETS[ ]


Non-conventional energies are going to be the main alternative to fossil fuels in the coming years for their clean and renewable nature. Indian government expanded its solar plans, targeting 100 GW of solar capacity including 40 GW from solar rooftop power plant by 2022. Recently, the number of PV modules installed on the rooftop of residential houses has been rapidly increasing in India. Photovoltaic power plants are often installed without considering fire propagation and fire spread hence it can cause or contribute to fires arising due to the presence of cables and electrical boards. The backsheet is the key material for protecting the module from outdoor stresses like environmental heat, fire spread etc. This paper shows a proposal for a method to evaluate the reaction to fire characteristics of a Photovoltaic module backsheet materials. The main aim of this paper is to study and understand flammability of three different types of commercially available backsheet. Backsheet no.1 was a PVDF/PET/PVDF three-layer sheet (300 µm), Backsheet no.2 was two-layer composed FEVE/PET (275 µm), Backsheet no.3 was PVF/PET/PVF three-layer sheet (325 µm). Test results show that the choice of a three-layer for Backsheet no.3 represents the best solution among the ones tested. This paper concludes that the thickness of the backsheet has good impact on time required to burn. Moreover, the approach reported in this paper could represent a useful reference to be used as a baseline for developing an Indian Standard/International standard.

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CFD ANALYSIS OF TWO-PCB ARCHITECTURE FOR THE APPLICATION IN DATA STORAGE INDUSTRY[ ]


In the recent years electronic products are becoming more compact with higher performance and efficiency. For this purpose the printed circuit board (PCB) has to carry more components like IC packages, NANDs, capacitors, resistor and so on in the same compact space. The effective performance of the components depend critically on the junction temperature, if the junction temperature of the component exceeds the limiting value the performance of the component and thus the performance of the device reduces or may fail. In order to keep the components functioning efficiently, extracting the heat and to maintain the optimal junction temperature becomes crucial. In this work a compact two-PCB architecture storage drive is considered and optimal packaging solution is suggested with the effective cooling of the drive. For this purpose the CFD simulation is done using ANSYS- Icepak software and the results are validated using experimentation in a wind tunnel with geometry representing the actual server.

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EFFECT OF RAMP RATE ON HEAT GENERATING PORTION OF SIC HEATING ELEMENTS[ ]


In the present work silicon carbide is used in electrical resistance heating elements because of its high hardness, corrosion resistance, abrasion and high thermal conductivity. This material exhibits outstanding properties at high temperatures up to 1600°C, either in oxidizing or reducing atmosphere condition, the creep and strength is very high when compared to other materials. Silicon carbide heating element consists of hot zone and cold end portion. A range of sintered porous silicon carbide heating elements prepared and analyzed. The results indicated that the push rate influenced on the electrical resistance of the heat generation portion of heating element. Saving of energy consumption and increasing the production rate.

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EFFECT OF CONSTITUENT SHELL THICKNESS ON BURST PRESSURE OF COMPOSITE OVERWRAPPED PRESSURE VESSEL[ ]


In this paper, the effect of thickness of the liner and composite on the burst pressure and deformation of composite over wrapped pressure vessel under fluid pressure has been investigated by finite element method. Low carbon steel (Q235-A) and Carbon 700/0164 epoxy has been chosen as the materials for the liner and composite respectively. The angle of orientation of the fibre has been considered as constant. The results of finite element analysis are compared with those obtained from analytical equations for validation of finite element approach and are found to be in good agreement. Analysis has been extended to all metal (only liner) and all composite (only composite) pressure vessels in order to study the effect of overwrapping. The thickness of the liner was varied from 1 to 6 mm whereas the composite thickness was varied from 3 to 5 mm. The composite overwrapped pressure vessel exhibited bursting strength greater than that of all metal and all composite pressure vessels considered in the study. The results showed that composite overwrapped pressure vessel with minimum liner thickness and maximum composite thickness has the highest bursting strength.

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NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN A NORTH LIGHT ROOF UNDER WINTER DAY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS[ ]


In this paper, numerical simulation is carried out to study the natural convection convective flows in a north light roof under winter day boundary conditions. The winter day boundary conditions like hot bottom wall due to room heating and cold ceiling due to environmental temperature is adopted for the present study. The steady state solutions have been obtained for a Rayleigh number ranging from 103to 106 and Pr = 0.7. In this paper, natural convection heat transfer in a traditional north light roof is quantitatively investigated through isotherm pattern, stream line pattern, local and average Nusselt number. The results indicate that magnitude of the stream function is low at lower Rayleigh number due to conduction domination. However, it increases with increase in Rayleigh number due to transition from conduction dominant to convection dominated mode. It is observed that the rate of heat transfer is found to be minimum at the centre of the bottom wall. It increases further at a greater rate in the right hand side of the roof than left. This is because of large cooling area at the right side. It is noticed that as the Rayleigh number increases multiple cell solution is developed between hot bottom and cold inclined walls.

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