ICEDET 2016- International Conference on Emerging developments in Engineering

"ICEDET 2016 Conference Papers "

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LIFE IS ALL ABOUT WATER: REVIEW[ ]


The scientists from the space agencies when search for life on other planets, the first thing which they search is for water. As we know, the water is the basic need of life and our planet Earth looks blue because of abundant presence of water which amounts to be around 71%. But the problem is that in this available water only about 3% of water is potable. Out of this 3%, less than 1% is available in the form of running water and rest is stored in polar caps and glaciers. This 1% of water is available for around 700 crores people, millions of species of animals, trees and plants. We use this water to run our farms, huge factories, to drink and to bathe. Now if we concentrate on India, it is a water adequate country, means there is neither too little nor too much. But the growing population and increasing garbage becomes the major problem for the water. As the decreasing Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level and the increasing coliform level give a rise to a major problem for the existence of water as the chemical waste in excess amount released untreated from the industries in to the streams.

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STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SOIL SLOPE, KALIYASAUR VILLAGE[ ]


Landslides are one of the important natural hazards of Himalaya. Due to landslides, the Himalayan region often faces geo environmental problems posing threats to, both, life and properties. The study was carried out in Kaliasaur village on left bank of Alaknanda river along Rishikesh- Badrinath (NH-58) road in Pauri district of Uttarakhand state, frequent traffic blockages and consequent environmental and economic losses are caused in this area. Considering the importance of Kaliasaur landslide slope stability analysis was conducted. Under this project geotechnical survey of the area was conducted. Factor of safety was calculated using the test results in GEO-STUDIO software, and a value of 0.373 was obtained which is less than 1. This suggests that the slope is not stable. Corrective measures for slope stability are suggested in this study by conducting a parametric analysis and thus reducing the existing slope.

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STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SOIL SLOPE, KALIYASAUR VILLAGE[ ]


Landslides are one of the important natural hazards of Himalaya. Due to landslides, the Himalayan region often faces geo environmental problems posing threats to, both, life and properties. The study was carried out in Kaliasaur village on left bank of Alaknanda river along Rishikesh- Badrinath (NH-58) road in Pauri district of Uttarakhand state, frequent traffic blockages and consequent environmental and economic losses are caused in this area. Considering the importance of Kaliasaur landslide slope stability analysis was conducted. Under this project geotechnical survey of the area was conducted. Factor of safety was calculated using the test results in GEO-STUDIO software, and a value of 0.373 was obtained which is less than 1. This suggests that the slope is not stable. Corrective measures for slope stability are suggested in this study by conducting a parametric analysis and thus reducing the existing slope.

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Stress-strain behaviour of railway ballast under static loading using Finite element Method[ ]


In railway engineering, finite element method is used to analyse the behaviour of railway track. This method is valuable to determine the important parameter of track at static and dynamic loading conditions. The ballast is one of the important part of track, so study of ballast is beneficial in case of degradation and deformation. This study is based on simulation of large scale triaxial machine of testing ballast and find some parameter like stress-strain behaviour at different confining pressure. Previous researcher has done 2D modelling of ballast in FEM software ANSYS, PLAXIS etc. In this study ABAQUS software was used for finite element analysis of ballast. Here, 3D model of ballast in triaxial loading condition is analysed at varying confining pressure and compared with experiment results. Elastic and plastic flow of ballast with varying confining pressure was examined. Drucker-Prager plasticity was used for ballast to get an approximate elasto-plastic flow.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN CLOUD COMPUTING USING LOAD BALANCING ALGORITHMS[ ]


Cloud Computing offer huge power of computation to the user by paying for the services on demand. The user can access these services with the help of Internet. For the distributed computing environment it is necessary to manage all the resources among different users with the help some load scheduling algorithms. This paper compares the performance of basicscheduling algorithm of cloud computing such as Min-Min, Max – Min and RASA algorithm.

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Study & Comparative Analysis of Various Sorting Techniques[ ]


Sorting refers to the storage of data in a sorted manner or arranging data in an increasing or decreasing fashion so as to make searching purpose easy and fast. Sorting comes into picture with the term Searching in short we can say that it improves the efficiency of searching and hence reduces the complexity of problem . There are so many things in our real life that we need to search, like a particular record in database, arranging roll numbers of students , a particular telephone number, any particular page in a book etc ,all this can be easily done if we sort them in a particular order like for searching a word in a dictionary we sort them in alphabetical order Sorting techniques mainly depends on two parameters. First parameter is the execution time of program, which means time taken for execution of program. Second is the space, which means space taken by the program

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Gesture Technology: A Survey[ ]


This paper surveys the use of gesture as mechanism for interaction with computer. It describes both, the various techniques for recognizing gestures and the technology used to recognize the gestures. Initially, the different types of gestures are introduced and ways to make them understandable for the computer with the help of different algorithms are discussed. Further, the various types of technology used in recognizing the gestures are contrasted. The survey concludes with a summary and a discussion of future research directions.

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PRYSM VIDEO WALL: LASER PHOSPHOR DISPLAY[ ]


It a survey done on Laser Phosphor Display used to build Prysm Video Wall. The survey is done with detailed study on this technology and also comparing it with other previously used technologies. The entire report after the study has been presented in this survey, keeping in mind it would help the readers about this less talked technology, also will draw attention of innovative minds in making better use of this technology in future. All the benefits behind this technology are being mentioned, which may show us a vivid and more advanced path than the present day technology.

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OPPORTUNITIES IN INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)[ ]


All the objects in lifestyle were equipped with identifies & wireless property and these objects might be intract with each other and be managed by computers. Web of Things could be a approach by that we tend to will produce a large network so billions of things will communicate with one another & area unit littered with several technical and application challenges. In 1999 Journal Sir Frederick Ashton wrote:-

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A Review of Big Data Techniques[ ]


In today's era everyone has a lot of data. Data size is not only in TB(Terabytes), but it has reached up-to ZB(ZetaByte) and PB (Peta Byte). So, this different and enormous amount of data requires some best technique to store and manage and retrieve the data smoothly and correctly. Researches were on their way from a long time but now the waiting is over and the new revolutionary technology has entered in the world of data storage and management and i.e. "Big-Data".

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Introduction to Cloud Computing[ ]


Today rapid development in web technologies such as blogging, social networking, online media sharing etc. has moving bulk of data onto internet servers. Cloud computing is an attractive computing model as it allows for resources to be provisioned according on a demand basis. Clouds can make it possible to access applications and associated data from any where .Companies are able to rent resources from cloud for storage and other computational purposes so that their infrastructure cost can be reduced significantly. This paper presents a review on the cloud computing concepts inherent within the context of cloud computing and cloud infrastructure.

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Introduction & History of Computer Viruses[ ]


In recent years the detection of computer viruses has become common place. It appears that for the most part these viruses have been ‘benign’ or only mildly destructive. However, whether or not computer viruses have the potential to cause major and prolonged disruptions of computing environments is an open question. In the below mentioned paper i have given the introduction about the topic, definition, common viruses available and how to protect our system from viruses.

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Blue Brain - A Survey[ ]


Human brain is the most valuable and unique creation of God. The man is intellectual because of the fact that describes well and makes human fall in the category far different and upgraded from other species . “Blue brain” is the name of the world’s first virtually created brain. That means a machine that will function as a substitute of human brain. Scientists are consistently looking to create an artificial brain that can think, respond, take decision, and keep everything in its memory. The main aim behind this idea is to map human brain into a highly advance machine. By doing this, man would be able to conserve the thinking and analysing ability of any individual forever and can later utilise that. After the death of the body, the virtually created brain will act as the thinking mechanism. So, even after the death of a person we will not lack the knowledge, intelligence, feelings and memories of that individual l, that can further be used for the development of the human society and many other beneficial acts. As technology is boosting faster than anything. A big software tycoon firm IBM(also Big Blues) is now in a way to create a virtual brain, called “Blue brain”. If everything goes well, it would be the first virtual brain of the world created by human. IBM, in partnership with some scientists at Switzerland’s Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne’s (EPFL) Brain and Mind Institute will begin simulating the brain’s biological and neurological structure and project the resulting data as a working 3-dimensional model that will recreate the high-speed electro-chemical interactions that take place within the brain’s interior. These include cognitive functions such as language, learning, perception and memory in addition to brain malfunction such as psychiatric disorders like depression and autism. From there, the modeling will expand to other regions of the brain and, if successful, shed light on the relationships between genetic, molecular and cognitive functions of the brain.

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Time Table Generation Using Random Numbers[ ]


The creation of time table is very time consuming and tedious work. While creating a time table the important point which we have to keep in mind is to manage clashing between the teachers. So present research has been conducted in which we have constructed a simple time table, which ensures no clashing of teachers takes place.

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A Comparison of Page Replacement Algorithms: A Survey[ ]


This paper is about algorithms specific to paging. For outline of general cache algorithms (e.g. processor, disk, database, web),In a computer operating system that uses paging for virtual memory management, page replacement algorithms decide which memory page into page out (swap out, write to disk) when a page of memory needs to be allocated. Paging happens when a page fault occurs and a free page cannot be used to satisfy the allocation, either because there are none, or because the number of free pages is lower than some threshold. When the page that was selected for replacement and paged out is referenced again it has to be paged in (read in from disk), and this involves waiting for I/O completion. This determines the quality of the page replacement algorithm: the less time waiting for page-ins, the better the algorithm. A page replacement algorithm looks at the limited information about accesses to the pages provided by hardware, and tries to guess which pages should be replaced to minimize the total number of page misses, while balancing this with the costs (primary storage and processor time) of the algorithm itself.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN CLOUD COMPUTING USING LOAD BALANCING ALGORITHMS[ ]


Cloud Computing offer huge power of computation to the user by paying for the services on demand. The user can access these services with the help of Internet. For the distributed computing environment it is necessary to manage all the resources among different users with the help some load scheduling algorithms. This paper compares the performance of basicscheduling algorithm of cloud computing such as Min-Min, Max – Min and RASA algorithm.

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Evolutionary Algorithm(EA) for Multi-Criterion Optimization:A Literature Survey[ ]


The system level design methodology and synthesis is an important issue of concern among the researchers. Optimization of recourse constraints of system design is performed by various evolutionary algorithms and techniques. Evolutionary techniques have been used for the purpose of single-objective optimization for more than four decades. But gradually people discovered that many real world problems are naturally posed as multi-objective . Now a day’s multi-objective optimization is no doubt a very popular area for both researchers and engineers. Since multi-criterion optimization requires simultaneous optimization of multiple often competing or conflicting criteria of objectives, the solution to such problems is usually computed by combining them into a single criterion optimization problem.

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A Design of Fire Master 200 Total Flooding Fire Extinguishing Systems for Moderated Hazards of Computer and Electronics Rooms in Integrated Processing Plant Under Global Environment[ ]


FM-200 total flooding fire extinguishing system has been designed for a specified premises of computer and electronics room. FM-200 (heptafluoropropane, CF3CHFCF3) is a colorless odorless gas, low in toxicity, electrically non-conductive, leaves no residue, and is an extremely effective fire suppression agent and approved by Factory Mutual Research Global. FM-200 extinguishes a fire by a combination of chemical and physical mechanisms without affecting the available oxygen and it is one of the most suitable replacement of Halon 1301 (Bromo trifluoromethane) to avoid Ozone depletion . A typical computer cum electronics room with sizes 15m X10m X4m has been considered for the specified design. One extinguisher unit can be used to protect one hazard only. System has been designed with the following parameters/units:

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War Field Spying Robot Using Wireless Camera and PIR Sensor[ ]


Nowadays as there are technological advancements these advancements are used by the military forces for reducing the risk of their casualties and to defeat their enemies. With the development of sophisticated technology, it mostly relies on the high tech weapons or machinery being used. Robotics is one of the hot fields of modern age in which the nations are concentrating upon for military purposes in the state of war and peace. They have been in use for some time for demining and rescue operations but now they are propelled by using them for combat and spy missions. Modern military forces are using different kinds of robots for different applications ranging from mine detection to rescue operations. In future, they will be used for reconnaissance and surveillance, logistics and support, communications infrastructure, forward-deployed offensive operations, and as tactical decoys to conceal maneuver by manned assets. In order to make robots efficient for the unpredicted cluttered environment of the battlefield, research on different aspects of robots are under examination in laboratories to be able to do its job autonomously, as efficiently as a human operated machine can do. Latest technologies, software and hardware are being investigated to have advanced and intelligent robots for different operations on the war field. This paper presents robotic technologies being used in war spying. These robots are under examination for autonomous, co-operative and controlled environment. Our major focus is on the uses of robots in war, peace and as well as their impact on society.

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Single Stage Multimode Converter Based Solar Powered BLDC Drive[ ]


Solar energy maintains life on the earth, and it is an infinite source of clean energy. Modeling and simulation of renewable sources have enhanced the optimal integration of Photovotaic systems into smart grids and other applications. The main notion of the new converter presented is to use a single-stage three phase solar PV converter to perform dc/ac and dc/dc operations. The system incorporates fuzzy logic controller for optimized performance. This converter solution is urging for PV-battery application, reducing the number of conversion stages, thus superior to the conventional system regarding efficiency, cost, weight, and volume. The model is efficient in computational complexity, and it is easy to configure for representing wide-range of PV installations. The overall system is designed, developed and validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The hardware setup is also implemented and the proposed scheme is validated.

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Optimal PMU Placement with Contingency Situations[ ]


In this paper a new matrix reduction method has been presented to obtain minimum number of phasor measurement unit (PMU) in power system network in case of PMU failure and line outage for full system observability. Method is based on simple algorithm without having any cost function. Different steps have been discussed for different contingency situations in detailed for IEEE-14 bus system while maintaining all bus observable. Results show that proposed matrix reduction based method is compatible with other techniques of PMU placement.

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ONLINE MANAGEMENT OF MICROGRID[ ]


In India renewable energy resources having a huge potential and the installed capacity is very less as compared to the potential. India is a fast growing economy in the world and the economy is directly depending upon the power sector. Power sector plays an important role in the Indian economy. If we are looking forward to improves the Indian economy than it is necessary that power sector performs very well. By using the renewable energy resources we can also reduced the pollution content. United Nation launched a various program to reduced the carbon emission and provide the different type of subsidy to enhance the use of renewable energy resources. MNRE also provides a different type of subsidy for different type user. In this paper we discuss about the micro grid. firstly we model different micro grid combinations using different renewable energy resources. After discuss the micro grid modeling then we discuss about the online management of micro grid. In the online management we discuss varies mathematics methods like mesh adaptive direct search methods, Golden search method, multi objective optimization methods and finally we discuss game theory. By using these mathematics methods we can easily optimized the micro-grid.

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MICROGRID ONLINE MANAGEMENT USING GENETIC ALGORITHIM[ ]


In India renewable energy resources having a huge potential and the installed capacity is very less as compared to the potential. India is a fast growing economy in the world and the economy is directly depending upon the power sector. Power sector plays an important role in the Indian economy. If we are looking forward to improves the Indian economy than it is necessary that power sector performs very well. By using the renewable energy resources we can also reduced the pollution content. United Nation launched a various program to reduced the carbon emission and provide the different type of subsidy to enhance the use of renewable energy resources. MNRE also provides a different type of subsidy for different type user. In this Paper we discuss about the micro grid. firstly we model different micro grid combinations using different renewable energy resources. After discuss the micro grid modeling then we discuss about the online management of micro grid using Genetic Algorithim. By using these mathematics methods we can easily optimized the micro-grid.

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Integration of Distributed Generation systems: A Review[ ]


In this era, electrical energy plays a very important role in human life. The requirement of electricity increasing gradually. This is a summary concerning the integrating of distributed generation (DG). The main focus on DG integration, especially on the renewable type, because non-renewable sources decreasing day by day and non-renewable sources are in limited quantity as coal , petroleum ,natural gas reserve etc. The paper also analyses the response in transmission system operation and development that result from the connection of large amounts of Distributed Generation of different energy conversion systems focusing on points associated with impacts in steady state procedure, contingency scrutiny, protection synchronization as well as dynamic behavior analysis. The Distributed generation is the most interesting technology now a days.

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Design for Improvement of COP from Waste Heat Utilization through Airconditioning System[ ]


Now day’s demand of energy increases due to various applications of energy, but available source of energy lacks in supply. Hence move towards the alternative sources of energy and conservation of energy from the waste heat of air-conditioning system. the main focus of this paper to utilization of waste heat from domestic air conditioner system and improve the COP. To achieve this by experimental setup in which indirect type of heat recovery device is used in system in which a refrigerant to water heat exchanger is installed between the host refrigeration system compressor and condenser. Water is circulated through one side of heat exchanger and hot refrigerant gas from the compressor is routed through the other side. Heat is transferred from the hot refrigerant gas to the water. According to this improve the COP of system up to 16%.

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Wear behaviour of Cr3C2-25NiCr, WC-12Co and Al2O3-3TiO2 coatings deposited by Detonation spray process[ ]


Wear is very severe problem in industry which leads economic loss to society. In the present research study, three coating powders, Cr3C2-25NiCr, WC-12Co and Al2O3-3TiO2, were deposited on AISI E52100 Bearing Alloy steel by the D-gun spray technique, in order to enhance its wear resistance. The as-sprayed coatings were characterized by XRD and SEM analyses. The sliding wear behaviours of the uncoated, D-gun sprayed Cr3C2-25NiCr, WC-12Co and Al2O3-3TiO2 coated AISI E52100 steel were investigated according to ASTM standard G99 on a pin-on disc wear test rig. Cumulative volume loss was calculated for the coated as well as the uncoated specimens for 30, 40, and 50N normal loads at a constant sliding velocity of 1 m/s. It has been observed that D-gun sprayed Cr3C2-25NiCr, WC-12Co and Al2O3-3TiO2 coatings can be useful in minimizing the wear problem of AISI E52100. These coatings were found to be successful in retaining their surface contact with the substrate after the wear tests. However, the D-gun sprayed Cr3C2-25NiCr coating will be recommended as a better choice to reduce the wear of AISI E52100 in comparison with WC-12Co and Al2O3-3TiO2 coating.

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STUDY OF BINGHAM FLUID FOR SLIP AND NO SLIP CONDITIONS:A REVIEW[ ]


The Bingham Fluid flow in different geometries with different cross section is studied numerically, but less studies is being focused on circular cross section with slip and no slip condition. The study of flow parameters in curved tube of a viscous fluid constitutes a problem of fundamental interest in the field of internal fluid mechanics. Adaption of the frequent occurrence of curved tube geometries in industries, heat engine, heat exchangers, and chemical reactors. It is essential to understand the complex flow field and secondary flow. This paper is mainly focused on the flow behaviour of Bingham fluid in different cross section.

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ExperimentalInvestigation of the Mechanical Properties of Double‘U’ Notched Aluminum Alloy[ ]


Experimental investigation has been carried out to study the effect of notch offset distance on the fracture behaviour and load bearing capacity of aluminium alloys under three point bending loading. All the tests are conducted on 100 kN servo-hydraulic universal testing machine under displacement mode of control. The variations in mechanical properties with notch length ‘a’ and notch offset distance ‘H’ were studied on specimens under three point bending. The stiffness and ultimate load of the material is maximum for a single notched specimen and decreases as the notch offset distance was increased.

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A REVIEW ON GOVERNING PARAMETERS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING[ ]


Electrochemical machining is an advanced machining technique that possess an ability to machine complex shapes and also very difficult to machine surfaces. The processparameters in ECM play an important role in obtaining higher Material removal rate. In this present review paper, the parameter that governs the electrochemical machining process has been regarded as the topic of interest and also their effect on Material removal rate.

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Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization of N2O-NH3 Cascade System for Low Temperature Refrigeration[ ]


The present work deals with thermodynamic analysis of cascade refrigeration system for low temperature range -50 oC to -85 oC. First comparison is done regarding COP by using nitrous oxide in low temperature circuit and different fluids such as R717, R290, R1290, R134a and an azeotropic mixture R507A in high temperature circuit as refrigerants. In this study thermodynamic analysis of N2O-NH3 cascade refrigeration system is done, to optimize the design and operating parameters of the system for fixed temperature difference in the cascade heat exchanger. The design and operating parameters include condenser, evaporator, subcooling and superheating temperatures in the, HTC and LTC. At the end, three useful correlations that yield the optimal condensing temperature in cascade heat exchanger, the associated maximum COP, and optimum mass flow rate ratio are presented.

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Investigation of Material Removal Rate for wire-cut EDM of EN-31 Alloy Steel using Taguchi Technique[ ]


This paper presents the investigation on material removal rate of EN-31 alloy steel using wire-cut EDM process. Process parameters (pulse-on-time, pulse-off-time, spark gap voltage, wire feed) were investigated using Taguchi's robust design methodology. The EN-31 alloy steel is used as a work piece, brass wire of 0.25mm diameter used as a tool and distilled water is use as dielectric fluid for experimentation Taguchi L16, orthogonal array has been used. The relative significance of various factors has also been evaluated and analyzed using ANOVA. The experimental results reveal that the most significant machining parameter for material removal rate is pulse-on-time, followed by pulse-off-time. The material removal rate increases with increase in Pulse on time, Wire feed and decreases with increase in Pulse off time and nominal with increase in Spark voltage. The predicted values and measured values are in good agreement as observed by further confirmation experiments.

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Thermo-hydraulicperformance of anartificially roughened SAH[ ]


In the article, CFD investigation has been carried out to maximize the heat transfer using roughness geometry in the shape of wavy delta winglets. The parameters varied in the current investigation is number of waves (ϕ) from 3–7.It has been found that Maximum enhancement in Nusselt number is found to be 131 for 5 waves winglets. For maximum value of friction factor at Reynolds number 0.11 for 7 waves.The data collected by the CFD analysis for a smooth duct was compared with that of experimental results and was found to be in good agreement. Hence the paper also verify the good scope of CFD in the future. It has also been recommended to use Winglets for enhancing the heat transfer coefficient.

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF VCR ENGINE FUELED WITH MINERAL OIL AND ITS BLENDS WITH DIESEL[ ]


A 3.5 kW, constant speed diesel engine was tested on diesel, MOME-diesel blends in B15D85, B30D70, B45D55 and B60D40 ratio. The performance of the engine was found to be satisfactory on the blends.

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Numerical Analysis of One-Dimensional Unsteady State Heat Transfer Through a Plane Wall Using Visual Basic[ ]


In present work a teaching module for teaching unsteady state heat transfer using visual basic has been presented. A Visual Basic computer program has been written to solve the unsteady state heat transfer through a plane wall and has been shown with the help of computer graphics. The governing equation has been modelled using finite difference numerical procedure in which the wall is divided into a number of nodes and temperature at each node has been calculated using Visual Basic code. The program returns the values of temperature at each node into excel sheet and a coloured plot of these temperatures with time and space on the Graphical User Interface. With this module parametric study of different parameters affecting the unsteady state heat transfer such as diffusivity, time difference, number of nodes, distance between two nodes etc. can be performed.

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NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF BINGHAM FLUID FOR SLIP AND NO SLIP CONDITIONS IN SERPENTINE CHANNEL[ ]


The flow of a Bingham fluid in a serpentine tube of circular cross section has been investigated numerically for slip and no slip conditions. The flow behaviour is studied for different parameters separately for both slip and no slip conditions. The K-ε model is used to solve the turbulent model. It is observed that parameters variation for no slip condition is better as compared to the no slip conditions in high stress. The motivation of present work is limited study in the flow behaviour of Bingham fluid in serpentine cannel.

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Framework for the parametric optimization of powder mixed EDM using PCA: A case study[ ]


The proposed framework in this paper tries to explain that how to integrate the design of experiment (DOE) tools with the principal component analysis (PCA) and grey relational analysis (GRA) techniques, such that which gives the best optimal results for the multi-performance characte-ristics (MPC’S) i.e material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) of powder mixed electrical discharge machining process of difficult-to-cut material. These approaches not only helps to obtain the optimal solution but also helps to handled the element of uncertainty fuzziness associated with the uncertain, multi-input and discrete data. Then theoretical prediction of experimental results shows that there is an improvement in the experimental results for the optimal parameters than the predicted results. Finally, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the sensitivity of each input parameter which may affect the process performance, it can tells the percentage contribution of each parameter to the study.

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A Review on Artificial Roughened Solar Air Heaters[ ]


Artificial roughness in the form of repeated ribs is one of the effective method for improving the performance of a solar air heater ducts. Various studies have been carried out to determine the effect of different artificial roughness geometries on heat transfer and friction characteristics in solar air heater ducts. The objective of this paper is to review various studies, in which different artificial roughness elements are used to enhance the heat transfer coefficient with little penalty of friction factor. It has been found that lot of experimental and analytical studies reported in the literature.

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