Volume 4, Issue 11, November 2013 Edition


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Optimization methodology based on neural networks and reference point algorithm applied to fuzzy multiobjective optimization problems [ ]


Artificial neural networks are massively paralleled distributed computation and fast convergence and can be considered as an efficient method to solve real-time optimization problems. In this paper, we propose reference point based neural network algorithm for solving fuzzy multiobjective optimization problems MOOP. The target is to identify the Pareto-optimal region closest to the reference points. Our approach has two characteristic features. Firstly, fuzzy multiobjective optimization problem (F-MOOP) has been transformed to crisp multiobjective optimization problem (C-MOOP) by means of Alpha-cut. Secondly a neural networks based reference point algorithm is implemented to solve C-MOOP in such a way that they integrate the decision maker DM early in the optimization process instead of leaving him/her alone with the final choice of one solution among the whole Pareto optimal set. Such procedures will provide the DM with a set of solutions near her/his preference so that a better and a more reliable decision can be made. Simulation runs on engineering application problems demonstrate their usefulness in practice and show another use of a neural network methodology in allowing the DM to solve multiobjective optimization problems better and with more con?dence.

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Design and Implementation of Real Time Facial Emotion Recognition System[ ]


Computer application such as facial and emotion recognition system used for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. Facial emotions are naturally used by human beings as one way to share their opinions, cognitive, emotions, and intentions states with others and are therefore important in natural communication. One of the ways to achieve this is by Feature based recognition, which is based on the extraction of the properties of individual organs located on a face such as eyes, mouth and nose, as well as their relationships with each other. Haar cascade are used for detection of eyes, mouth and face. Principal component analysis is used for determining different emotions like sad, happy, surprise, neutral in OpenCV.

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Need for Governing Nanotechnology Research & Development in Bangladesh[ ]


Global Economy and life style of human being will be changed in coming decade due to the enormous impact of nanotechnology in manufacturing, electronics, IT, communications technology and all other industry which have the potentials to change every part of our lives making previous technology redundant and leading to applications which could not have been developed or even thought about. Nanotechnology development was not pursued in Bangladesh following a specific growth model and there are few overall strategies that can be identified. This article attempted to understand the nanotechnology and its consequences, scopes and opportunities which we have and have not and explained also the possible strategies for nanotechnology research and application in Bangladesh. The information and strategies had been developed through some internet based literature reviews and the recent government initiatives for nanotechnology development in Bangladesh. In conclusion, the article suggests for a harmonized and balanced strategy with a whole hearted efforts from scientists, researchers, academicians, environmentalists, economists, business community and government officers to come together to make a roadmap for nanotechnology research and development in Bangladesh.

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Comparative Study On Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images Classification Approaches[ ]


Hyperspectral remote sensing image is also known as an “Imaging Spectrometry” emerged as a promising technology for detection and identification of minerals, terrestrial vegetation, man-made materials and backgrounds. The word “Hyperspectral” is used to distinguish sensors with many tens or hundreds of bands from the more traditional multiple sensors. The success of a hyperspectral remote sensing image classification technique depends on many factors. The availability of high-quality remotely sensed imagery and ancillary data, the design of a proper classification procedure, and the analyst’s skills and experiences are the most important ones. For a particular study, it is often difficult to identify the best classifier due to the lack of a guideline for selection and the availability of suitable classification algorithms in hand. Comparative studies of different classifiers are thus frequently conducted. Therefore, in this paper we compared several classification approaches with its factors.

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A Role of Knowledge Management in Organizational Performance[ ]


In rapidly changing business environment and increasing competitive advantage, where only uncertainty is certainty, corporate success come from consistently creating, disseminating and using new knowledge. Within the current economic scenario, organizations are experiencing difficulties and challenges due to a multiplicity of factors and the intensifying competition among various organizations. Moreover, some industries have been affected more acutely than others in the transition to a knowledge-based economy. This study aims at investigating the role of Knowledge Management in Organizational Performance. Through an analysis of the available studies we have found out a direct impact of Knowledge Management in Organizational Performance.

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Herb “Asparagus curillus” Effecting Matrix Metallo-proteinases Plasma Levels in Patients with Coro-nary Artery Disease[ ]


Asparagus species has been well known for their antioxidant, anti inflammatory and anti tumor activity. However anti atherosclerotic activity of Asparagus curillus extract has not been studied.The study group included 63 persons with angio-graphically verified CAD and 21 persons as healthy control. Circulating MMPs, TIMP-1, C-reactive protein and interleukins concentrations were measured by ELISA. Leucocyte subtype counts were determined in whole blood. Differences in continuous variables b/w were tested by ANOVA and correlations were analyzed by linear regression method. MMPs and TIMP-1 concentration (markers of CAD) appeared to be differentially regulated by Asparagus curillus extract. The plasma concentration of MMP-2 was increased in patients (Stable and Unstable CAD) having AC root extract as dietary supplement. No significant increase in plasma concentration of TIMP-1 was observed in patients (Stable and Unstable CAD) having AC root extract as dietary supplement as compare to control group ( p < 0.05 or 0.001). Therefore AC root extract as dietary supplement showed a direct correlation with plasma concentration of MMP-2, MMP-3 and TIMP-1.MMPs and TIMP-1 concentration (markers of CAD) appeared to be differentially regulated by Asparagus curillus extract.

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Real-time Traffic Congestion Detection using Combined SVM[ ]


Traffic density and flow are important inputs for an intelligent transport system (ITS) to better manage traffic congestion. This paper proposes a cost effective traffic congestion detection system by using image processing algorithms and a combined Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier and thereby demonstrates the efficiency of using key informative metrics like edge and texture features in real time. Effectiveness of the proposed method of classifying traffic density states is demonstrated on real time traffic images taken at different time periods of a day in Bangalore city.

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A Light Weight Location Verification Protocol Based On Behavior Learning Process For Mobile Adhoc Networks[ ]


Fast changing and growing nature of mobile adhoc networks makes the accessibility of location aware services becoming difficult. With the presence of adversaries and attacking nodes, the location based service discovery becomes a challenging one. We propose a light weight location verification protocol for the verification of nodes which turns out to be a robust one and uses the behavior of nodes for the verification process. Here distributed one step Location Verification Protocol is being used and session based behavior learning process for the identification of adversary nodes has been adopted. The proposed method is indeed capable of preventing attack types such as node impersonation , Sybil, ddos attacks.

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BER Analysis of 3x3 MIMO Spatial Multiplexing under AWGN & Rayleigh Channels for Different Modulation Techniques[ ]


The idea of using multiple receive and multiple transmit antennas has emerged as one of the most significant technical breakthroughs in modern wireless communications. MIMO systems uses rich scattering environment, which is capable of huge theoretical capacities. The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna system provides very promising gain in capacity without increasing the use of spectrum, throughput, and power con-sumption. This is also less sensitivity to fading, hence leading to a breakthrough in the data rate of wireless communication systems. This paper proposes the analysis and performance of Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO system.Here different fading channels like AWGN and Rayleigh are used for analysis purpose. Moreover we analyzed the technique using high level modulations (i.e. M-PSK for different values of M). Detec-tion algorithms used are Zero- Forcing and Minimum mean square estimator.

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The Role of Steel Fiber of Influence on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete[ ]


Self compacting concrete (SCC) is compacting itself alone due to its self-weight and is filled almost completely while flowing in the formwork. In structural members with high percentage of reinforcement ,it fills also completely all voids and gaps. The purpose of presented research is investigating, the fresh properties of Steel Fiber SCC and the hardened properties were investigated. Fresh properties comprising flow ability, passing ability, and viscosity related segregation resistance. Hardened properties comprising compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and Ultrasonic pulse velocity. The results indicated of the fresh properties of SCC with steel fiber , reduction in workability with increase of steel fiber content. Also the Steel fibers had effect on compressive & tensile strength , modulus of elasticity and ultrasonic pulse velocity of steel fiber self compacting concrete, there was an optimum content of steel fiber at which higher performance obtained at the both mentioned characteristics ,the content was(0.75- 1)% . All fiber mixes demonstrated higher splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength relative to plain mix at all curing ages. The strengths increased as the fiber content increased. The fibers slightly decrease the U.P.V followed the same behavior as in compressive strength of SCC.

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Big Data - Importance Of Hadoop Distributed Filesystem[ ]


When a dataset outgrows the storage capacity of a single physical machine, it becomes necessary to partition it across a number of separate machines. Filesystems that manage the storage across a network of machines are called distributed filesystems. Since they are network-based, all the complications of network programming kick in, thus making distributed filesystems more complex than regular disk filesystems. It’s not easy to measure the total volume of data stored electronically, but an IDC estimate put the size of the “digital universe” at 0.18 zettabytes in 2006, and is forecasting a tenfold growth by 2011 to 1.8 zettabytes.* A zettabyte is 1021 bytes, or equivalently one thousand exabytes, one million petabytes, or one billion terabytes

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Big Data - Map Reduce Framework and Programming Model[ ]


We live in a world of Big Data. This year alone, over a trillion gigabytes of new data will be created globally. According to a survey, by year 2020, 45 zettabytes of data will be stored in the world. Twitter itself generates 7 TB of data every day whereas Facebook generates 10 TB of data every day. Big Data presents a big challenge - but also exciting new opportunities for enterprises to rise above the competition. The volume of the data generated in an organization is on an increase while the percent of the data we can analyze is on decline. Hence organizations require an efficient and scalable storage system to manage data growth. Scale-out storage, paired with powerful analytics tools that can derive valuable insight from oceans of content, are the right combination for making the most of big data.

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A Frame work for the Neuro Fuzzy Rule Base System in the diagnosis of heart disease[ ]


Now a days prediction of a heart disease is a great challenge to modern technology. Use of intelligent system in this context is a real challenge. In this paper fuzzy rule based system and artificial neural network system have been presented for the diagnosis of the heart disease. The developed system has seven inputs .These are Chest pain type, resting blood pressure in mm(Trestbps),Serum cholesterol in mg(Chol),Numbers of Years as a smoker(years), fasting of blood sugar(fbs), maximum heart rate achieved(thalach), resting blood rate(trestbpd). The angiographic disease status of heart of patients has been recorded as output. It is to state that the diagnosis of heart disease by angiographic disease status is assigned by a number between 0 to 1 that number indicates whether the heart attack is mild or massive, The Cleveland database has been used to make this study. Various membership functions have been used as input. Here an effort has been made to compare the performance of neural network with fuzzy rule based system using certain membership functions. for proper diagnosis of heart disease. Three types of membership functions viz gaussian, triangular and trapezoidal membership functions have been attempted. Based on the minimum value of absolute residual, the particular membership function can be decided for the fuzzy rule base system and the output data from fuzzy rule base system has been applied to the neural network for the proper diagnosis of heart disease of a patient.

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Analysis of Rank Sink Problem in PageRank Algorithm[ ]


Web is expanding day by day and people generally rely on search engine to explore the web .It is a challenge for service provider to provide proper relevant and quality information to the internet user by using the web page contents and hyperlink between the web pages and accordingly, ranking the desired pages[11]. One successful and well-publicized link-based ranking system is PageRank, which is used by the Google search engine [2]. The PageRank algorithm has been developed to overcome so called “abundance problem”. The World Wide Web continues to grow rapidly at a rate of a million pages per day [4] and searching a right document from such an enormous number of Web pages has brought about the need for a new ranking scheme beyond the relevance matching, the traditional information retrieval scheme. In this paper we discuss the Page Rank Algorithm and deal with the Rank Sink problem associated with the algorithm.

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A Review on Detection and Prevention of Gray-Hole Attack in MANETs[ ]


MANETs are wireless network without having any fixed infrastructure. It is a self-organizing network of mobile routers connected by wireless links with no access point. In MANET nodes have limited sources like bandwidth, battery power and storage capacity. The mobile adhoc networks are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DOS) attacks. Grayhole attack is an event that degrades the overall network’s performance by intentional malicious activity. Grayhole attack may drop packet coming from or destined to certain specific nodes in the network while forwarding all the packets for other nodes. In this paper we will discuss about the gray hole attack detection and prevention technique which disrupt the various network parameter used to check the performance.

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Improved Energy Efficiency Hybrid Protocol In Wireless Sensor Network[ ]


Wireless sensor network (WSN) is useful supplement to the modern wireless communication networks. New advancement in wireless sensor networks have emerged to many new protocols which are specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. In this work proposing energy efficient secure routing protocols. Three main protocols explored in this paper are WBAODV, DSR and Hybrid. We are proposing the WBAODV and DSR Protocol to make the hybrid approach in the sensor network. Result obtained by simulation campaign shows that Hybrid protocol has some important advantages that make it a valuable and to be particularly suitable in environments where high throughput and less end to end delay is requested. Current protocol will also be tested under malicious node attack. Performance Results will be analyzed with following performance Matrices, in terms of Throughput, Packet Delivery Fraction and End to End Delay.

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Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Storage Optimization in the Cloud[ ]


In this paper we define a clustering algorithm that efficiently tries to partition the data and assign it to the respective virtual data centers. The Hadoop Distributed File System defines a Namenode which supervises various Datanodes. Here Datanodes are already classified as clusters whereas the namenode acting as a server implements the algorithm to decide where to place the data. Data received from the client is tracked by the Namenode. The distance is measured based on the degree of closeness of the input data received from the client to the clusters present. A comparison is drawn between the data and the various clusters present. The cluster having the maximum degree of closeness is chosen to hold the data. Utilizing this algorithm we can reduce the access time and retrieval is made easier for the data enquired. Further an iterative process is carried out to form such clusters within the datanode itself to make access of data easier through parallelization.

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Improvising Green Growth through Agri-Organic and Biotech Innovations for Sustainable Development[ ]


Organic agriculture is the oldest form of agriculture and organic agribusiness is expanding fast worldwide. As green growth promoter it offers some solutions to the problems currently besetting the agricultural sector and sustainability. Organic farming has the sound potential to provide benefits in terms of promotion of green growth, mitigation & adaptation of climate war, environmental protection, conservation of non-renewable resources, improved f food quality and livelihood security. The research work focuses mainly on the integrated issues like economic security, livelihood security, food security green growth and sustainability. In most developing countries, agriculture continues to be the most important sector of the economy, accounting for the biggest proportion of employment (Bage, 2005). As such, unless effective strategies for agriculture development are successfully implemented, ending rural poverty will remain a distant goal. With regards to Organic agriculture contribution to improvements in livelihood security, food security, and environmental sustainability, the linkages are fairly well-defined and there is sufficient empirical and anecdotal data to support these. Organic agriculture contribution to improved profitability and therefore income, due to premium price and lower cost of production, is widely documented. Organic agriculture contribution to environmental sustainability is now a generally known fact and has been the main basis for subsidies program to support Organic agriculture in Overall, it is concluded that the unit cost of production is lower in organic farming.

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Enhancement of Active, Reactive power flow in the Deregulated Powersystem using TCSC[ ]


In a power systems,power flows from generating center’s to the load centers.In this process many things require investigation,such as flow of Active power(MW) and Reactive power(MVAR) in transmission lines for different loading conditions. This paper presents a new method to Enhance Active,Reactive Power in a deregulated Powersystem.In deregulated electricity market transmission overloading occurs when there is insufficient transmission capcity to simultaneously accommodate all constraints for a transmission line.The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits.So Transmission Overloading,Voltage instability and power loss problems are arise in the power system. These are very serious problems which cause damage to the power system.The above mentioned problems are mitigated by incorporating Series Facts device in optimal location by Sensitivity analysis.The Simulation results were successfully tested on modified IEEE 14 bus system using MATLAB-SIMULINK .

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Natural Scene Text Extraction[ ]


Text embedded in natural scene images contain large amount of useful information. Extracting text from natural scene images is a well known problem in image processing area. Data which appear as text in natural scene images may differ from each other in its size, style, font, orientation, contrast, background which makes it an extremely challenging task to extract the information with higher accuracy. Many methods have been suggested in the past but the problem is still the challenging one. This paper presents an approach to extract the text in scene images with higher precision rate and recall rate.

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United Nations and Women's Roles[ ]


Conflict occurs globally everyday impacting lives, countries, and slowing economic productive growth and safe wellbeing. In 1945, the United Nations founded an international organization comprised of nations of the world with the purpose to promote peace, security, and economic development. Since WWII, women’s roles within the U.S. and world society have transformed. This paper will examine women’s roles in logistics support for peace keeping missions, the possible barriers women encounter, as well as identifying current practices that hinder and/or promote the pool of female candidates.

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Man's Communication Style[ ]


This paper looks at a comparison made between Eric Smith and a leader that have had the opportunity of working closely, explaining each man’s and motivations for their respective visions. Additionally, each man’s communication style is to be described, as well as, its’ effectiveness with subordinates. The paper will explain how each man’s vision is purposeful, understandable, believable, and measureable. Finally, the paper will present the model of preference if asked to lead a district.

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Determination of Monthly Tilt Angle and Solar Energy Potentials of Jos[ ]


Detailed information about the availability and nature of solar radiation in a particular location is essential for the optimum design of solar energy conversion system. This paper determines by empirical analysis the potentials for the utilization of solar radiation for generation of solar energy in Jos Nigeria (latitude 9.90 N and longitude 8.90 W) and the optimization of the monthly average daily solar energy received on a tilted surface and. The methodology used to achieve this involved gathering sufficient monthly daily mean solar radiation data of Jos on horizontal surface for 11 years (2000-2011). The data which was obtained from the Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria Jos, was analysed to obtain a monthly mean daily representative solar radiation data of Jos. The monthly average daily representative data was used as input into a simulation programme written in MATHLAB programming language to predict the beam and diffused components of the monthly average daily total solar radiation on a horizontal surface. The programme was also use to predicts the monthly tilt angle required to capture the maximum monthly average daily available solar radiation. The results of simulation shows that Jos has an annual total , beam and diffuse monthly average daily solar energy of 21.7MJ/m2 , 15.0MJ/m2 ,and 6.7MJ/m2 respectively on a horizontal surface., The results also reveals that solar energy conversion surface installed horizontally (0o) receives maximum energy for the months of January February , March , October, November and December and surface installed at 10o, 16.5o 22 o 19o 10o and 5o receives maximum solar energy for the months of April, May, June , July August and September respectively. This analysis reveals very great potential for electricity generation and domestic hot water heating even if conversion system is to function at 15% efficiency.

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Estimation Of Heavy Metals By ICP-Mass Spectroscopy In Different Plant Samples From Bathinda And Suratgarh Thermal Power Stations, India.[ ]


The decontamination of soils polluted with heavy metals presents one of the most intractable problems for soil clean-up. In this paper the use of metal-accumulating plants is explored for the removal of heavy metals (Cu, Co, Pb, Hg, As, Cd) from superficially-contaminated soils by fly ash releasing through thermal plant. Heavy metals concentration was analyzed by ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry). Eight plant samples namely Ganda (Tagetes spp.), Jamun (Syzgium spp.), Gudhal (Hibiscus species), Rose (Rosa indica L.), Sudarshan (Crinum spp.), Sadabahar (Catharanthus Roseus), Kela (Musa spp.) and Guldawari were collected from Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant, Bathinda and Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station, Suratgarh. Cu was maximum found in s Syzgium spp. Stem (21.6ppm) GNDP, Bathinda, Co was maximum found in Guldawari root (1.27ppm) in SSTP Suratgarh, Pb is maximum found in leaf of Musa spp (7.9ppm) in GNDP, Bathinda, Hg is maximum in Hibiscus species leaf (7ppb) from GNDP Bathinda, As is maximum found in Hibiscus species leaf (1.99ppm) from GNDP Bathinda and Cd was maximum found in root of Syzgium spp. (0.14ppm) in SSTP Suratgarh.

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Comparative Study Of Huffman Coding, SBAC and CABAC Used In Various Video Coding Standars And Their Algorithm[ ]


This paper represents the Algorithm for various Coding standards such as Huffman coding, Syntax based arithmetic coding and Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding used in MPEG, H.263 and H.264 respectively and their analysis. We found that average bit per symbol (average code word length) for Huffman coding is nearly equal to Entropy which is the basic requirement, for different bit rate PSNR is calculated with and without SBAC and finally we discuss Block diagrams of CABAC codec of H.264/AVC and Modified parallel algorithm for CABAC. Experiments demonstrate that this SBAC provide the improvement of up to 1dB over conventional H.263. For a set of test sequences representing typical material used in broadcast applications and for a range of acceptable video quality of about 30 to 38 dB, average bit-rate savings of 9%-14% are achieved.

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Design and Test of a programmable Multi-standard Connector for Robot Communication[ ]


This research work provides a flexible communication medium for robot information propagation. This connector has the capability to make full duplex robot to robot communication or robot to central controller via wires (USB, Wire Internet) or wireless (Wireless Internet - Bluetooth-zigbee ). This programmable multi-standard connector designed and tested using arduino with communication shields and C programming language editor. Special software developed and uploaded to the microcontroller memory to read/write the data Through this bidirectional connector and other sub software “ or website for the IP communications” designed to run on the other terminal to obtain the share environmental values and generate the control signals required for robots control.

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Spatial Variability Mapping Of Soil-ec In Agricultural Field Of Punjab Province (Pakistan) Using Geographic Information System (GIS) Techniques[ ]


In this research, the agricultural land of Punjab Province was evaluated with respect to spatial distri-bution of soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) by using some interpolation techniques such as Kriging with the implementation of models like Spherical, Gaussian, and Exponential etc. For research pur-pose, the study area was divided in three zones of Punjab province which included Upper Punjab, Central Punjab & Southern Punjab respectively. 72,294 soil samples were collected and analyzed dur-ing 2010-13 through the soil and water testing laboratories under the Directorate of Soil Fertility Re-search Institute, Agriculture Department Punjab, Lahore (Pakistan). To analyze the spatial variability of soil EC, the geo-statistical approach (Ordinary Kriging) was utilized and compared with respect to mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), Average standard error (ASE), Mean standardized error (MSE) and root mean square standardized error. The results showed that Kriging had higher ac-curacy with the spherical & exponential model than the others. It was the best method to measure soil EC because it showed highest precision and minimum error. Generating prediction maps of soil pa-rameters were conceptualized to correct conventional practices of growing crops .Based on the pre-dicted map, electrical conductivity is found higher in Southern Punjab than in the Upper and Central Punjab areas. Almost all the agriculture land in southern Punjab is faced a lot of salinity related prob-lems. The central Punjab represented a moderately saline soil with respect to EC and upper Punjab represented almost a non-saline soil in all agricultural fields within this area.

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Fan Speed Control of Processor Based On Environmental Temperature[ ]


Temperature is a physical property that is an essential part of life and Maintaining control of it is of paramount importance to man. Temperature is measured with various types of measuring instruments. But beyond the need to measure temperature, it must also be controlled and monitored. In an industrial setting with heavy equipment that need a round the clock cooling system so as to perform optimally without breakdown, it is important to have a mechanism that monitors the temperature situation, one that can detect the slightest threat to the condition of the systems as regards temperature change. Also temperature control can be used in personal computers to prevent overheating of the processor. This work involves sensing the temperature level of an environment and if a temperature out of range is detected, the fan speed increases to maximum. When the temperature drops below a threshold again, the fans are turned back off. The circuit is designed using a temperature sensor that is a thermistor. The temperature transducer is used to sense the temperature of the environment at that point in time and an indication shown on an LED.

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Docking Studies of HIV-1 Integrase using Phytochemicals from Andrographispanniculata[ ]


Human Immunodeficiency virus is an existing pathogen for which the development of drugs, vaccines, anti viral therapy has seen little success. The HIV-1 Integrase(HIV-1 IN) is a potential target for antiviral drugs since it plays a vital role in facilitating the integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome. Our present quest concentrates on discovering anti HIV compounds that are present in the ethanolic extract of Nilavembu (Andrographis panniculata Nees). It is an important medicinal herb belonging to the family Acanthaceae. The phytochemicals extracted from Andrographis panniculata were docked against the enzyme HIV-1 integrase. The results reveal that those compounds are active against HIV-1 integrase and will be effective for doing further research on plant Andrographis panniculata in drug designing against HIV.

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Load Balancing Heterogeneous Request in DHT-based P2P Systems[ ]


DHT-based P2P systems have been proven to be a scalable and efficient means of sharing information. With the entrance of quality of services concerns into DHT systems, however, the ability to guarantee that the system will not be overwhelmed due to load imbalance becomes much more significant, especially when factors such as item popularity and skewing are taken into consideration. In this paper, we focus on the problem of load imbalance caused by skewed access distribution. We propose an effective load balancing solution, which takes the peer heterogeneity and access popularity into account to determine the load distribution. Our algorithm achieves load balancing by dynamically balancing the query routing load and query answering load respectively. Experimentations performed over a Pastry-like system illustrate that our balancing algorithms effectively balance the system load and significantly improves performance.

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Fair Election System in India Using UID Data and Biometric Technology[ ]


India is the largest democratic country in the world, with an estimated 725 million eligible voters by the 2014 General Elections. With such a large population, the Election procedure is bound to be ridden with problems. The main issue here is fair elections. Every voting center has a list of eligible voters from that constituency who can cast their vote. But it is common knowledge that there are a lot of centers, especially in semi-urban and rural areas where strict checking of voter’s id does not happen, as a result of which votes are cast on behalf of someone else, leading to unfair elections. The recent Unique Identification (UID) Aadhar system maintains a database of all residents of India along with their biometric data, which is unique to every citizen. This paper explores the concept of linking the biometric data in the UID database to the voting machine to ensure that every vote is cast by a person only once. Retrieval of data can be done and matched for every citizen with a UID. This can safeguard the citizen’s right to vote and guarantee fair elections.

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Modeling Of Surface Soil Ph Using Geostatistical Methods In Punjab Province, Pakistan[ ]


The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil pH by using some interpolation methods such as Kriging, IDW, RBF and splines with the several models and techniques. Soil of the Punjab Province was sampled with respect to the five major crop zones which were Cotton Zone, Rice Zone, Central Zone, Thal Zone and Barani zone. Fom these zones 72,294 soil samples were collected and analyzed. Generating prediction maps of soil pH were conceptualized to correct conventional practices of growing crops .The range of pH in cotton Zone was relatively high as compared with other zones. Muzaffargarh and DG Khan Districts showed high range of pH 4.75 (6.10 to 10.85) and 4.65 (5.65 to 10.30), respectively. The minimum range of pH showed in Attock District which was 1.22 (7.0 to 8.22). The interpolated maps by applying Ordinary Kringing showed the optimum variability of soil pH at small scale as compared to other methods and were found that kriging is most suitable method for the estimation of soil pH due to the semi-variogram analysis and it showed highest precision and minimum error. Approximately all districts showed 5% or less CV which showed good method performance.

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Generalized Estimators of Population Median using Auxiliary Information[ ]


For estimating the median of the population, we have proposed two estimators using linear transformations using the information on median of the auxiliary variable. The expressions for biases, mean square errors and their minimum values have been obtained. It has been shown that proposed estimators are always efficient than the ratio estimator and equally efficient to the other estimators derived from a different approach respectively defined by Kuk and Mak (1989). The comparison of estimators among the proposed estimators with respect to their biases has also been done.The results have been illustrated by carrying out the simulation study.

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Losses of Agricultural Land due to Infrastructural Development: A Study on Rajshahi District.[ ]


Geographically speaking, Bangladesh is a small country but bears a huge population resulting in a very high density of population and very high intensity of land and resource use. Per capita land is estimated to be about 13 decimals only. Two significantly prominent phenomena drives country’s overall scenario of economic development and environment imbalance are the high growth rate of population engulfing precious land for settlement and scarcity of land for ever increasing demand of food. Every year country is losing 1 percent arable land. Due to the population growth its infrastructure use is increasing and agricultural land is decreasing gradually. Rajshahi District was selected as study area because of its relatively higher growth in infrastructure development under various regional development programs. For analyses of land use pattern and its change remotely sensed data (Landsat MSS-1977, TM-1990 and TM- 2010) and GIS techniques was used.The methodology of the current research included secondary data collected from SPARRSO, published and unpublished data regarding crop, population and other ambient information from mostly government sources. The data (spatial and attributes) were analyzed by GIS and statistical tools and through tables of various natures.It was found that the land use pattern of Rajshahi District is changing. Among various causes of agricultural land losses the infrastructural development is the most important cause. The agricultural land of the study area is losing 0.46% per year and area under infrastructure use is increasing 5.86% per year. If this rate is steadily progressing, within next 217 years the agricultural land will be totally empty.

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Web Usage Mining has Pattern Discovery[ ]


Ample amount of knowledge in respect of pattern discovery of web usage mining shall be provided in this paper. Users behavior of page browsing should be in hand with the website designers. They can even study about the visitor’s activities through the web analysis and find patterns of the visitor’s activities. This kind of web analysis involves not only involves the change and interpretation of the web log records to locate the hidden information or predictive pattern by the data mining and knowledge discovery technique, but also offers a great prospect coupled with the web warehousing.

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Energy Consumption based Rejoin Procedure for Cluster Tree in 802.15.4 Sensor Networks[ ]


In this paper, we propose a method to save energy consumption for the rejoin procedure for Cluster Tree in 802.15.4 Sensor Networks .An improved node rejoin procedure has Cluster Head(CH) periodically calculates link quality (LQ) and broadcasts to its child nodes. By receiving LQ value, it stores in its Neighbor Quality (NQ) table. When a node lost its connection with its parent node, it selects the suitable parent node with high link quality. When two nodes have similar LQ value, it selects the suitable parent in terms of tree depth value. This process is completed by processing network response and reply message. Our rejoin procedure conserves more energy and incurs low delay.

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