REACT 2019- Recent Advances in Civil Engineering and Technology

"REACT 2019 Conference Papers "

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Experimental Study of Prefabricated Steel CageColumns Infilled Banana Stem Fiber Concrete[ ]


Prefabricated steel cage is a hollow rectangular section fabricated by perforating steel tubes or connecting steel angles and steel plates. PSC columns placed externally and infilled with banana stem fiber concrete. Reinforcement functions as both the longitudinal angles and transverse plates connected monolithically and working compositely with the banana fiber concrete to resist loads applied and to get good confinement. PSC columns attained its consequence over normal RCC structures and HSS structures because of its structural properties like high axial strength, good fire confrontation, superior ductility, construction easiness and economy. Concrete delay the local buckling of hollow steel section and consequently improves the ductility of the section. PSC columns can be used to reinforce almost any kind of structural members as concrete filled steel tube (CFST) members. In this project, I had done the comparison of the behaviour of PSC columns infilled with banana stem fiber concrete, hollow PSC columns and conventional RCC columns under uniaxial compressive loads. A total 12 specimens were tested inorder to investigate the behaviour of PSC columns. Test results indicate that PSC columns have comparable axial capacities with lower displacement deformation than rebar reinforced specimens. It is cost and time savings occur due to faster construction and can easily strengthened by joining steel plates outside.

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A Study for Improving Post Buckling Behaviour OF Concentric Bracing Based on Numerical Method[ ]


The use of special concentrically braced frames has increased since the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu Earthquakes. However, past performance suggests limited ductility and energy dissipation in braced frame systems due to buckling of conventional braces. The conventional concentric bracing tends to develop local buckling when subjected to moderate or severe earthquake. This makes it impossible to use the full capacity of the braces in the energy dissipation exerted on the structure. The paper presents a study for improving the post buckling behaviour of concentric bracings. In order to address this limitation, concentrically braced frames with aluminum used as auxiliary element at the middle of the bracing is studied to evaluate their seismic performance in comparison to traditional systems. The cyclic plasticity of aluminum is of great importance for the design of aluminum structures in regions with high seismic risk, where extremely large plastic strain loading is involved. Numerical analysis on bracings was carried out through ANSYS16.1 software. The result of this study indicate the better performance the structural system in terms of ductility and energy dissipation capacity compared to the common concentric braces. The suggested system can be utilized to reduce the capacity of bracing connection which results in reduced costs of the project.

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Optimizing the Use of Compression Zone Concrete in Hybrid Concrete Beams[ ]


A beam is a horizontal flexural member which provides support to the slab and walls in a structure. In a normal beam, above neutral axis(NA), concrete takes compressive stress and below NA, steel takes tensile stress. Concrete below NA is known as sacrif i cial con crete which acts only as a medium to transfer strain to steel. This is the basis for the concept of hybrid concrete (HC) beams. This study is concerned with a new type of composite bea m where two grades of concretes are used. This study is focused on casting and testing of normal and HC beams. One type of HC beam is fabricated using high strength concrete above neutral axis and hi gh volume fly ash concrete (HVFC) below the neutral axis. Second one is made with high strength concrete only on middle third portion above NA and the entire remaining portions with high volume fly ash co n crete (HVFC).

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Acoustical retrofitting of auditoriums: a case study of the acoustical quality of "pranavam" auditorium, vidya academy[ ]


This paper looks into the possibilities of improving the acoustical performance of Pranavam auditorium, Vidya academy campus Thrissur based on a detailed study of the sound decay at various locations of the auditorium using a standard sound level meter and the associated software. The study brings out a couple of cost effective proposals, based on a thorough market study, to improve the overall acoustical quality of the auditorium.

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Effect of Phosphogypsum and Flyash in Stabilization of Clay[ ]


The major problem in clays are their low strength and high compressibility. It has created several damages to the engineering structures. Therefore some soil in their natural state needs some treatment to increase desired properties. This is achieved by adopting soil stabilization techniques. Towards this it is better to utilize Phosphogypsum, because it is a cheap material and is the by- product of the production of fertilizer also has less radioactivity. Flyash is also selected because it is the combustion product of coal. The liquid limit, unconfined compressive strength test and compaction, test by varying percentages of phosphogypsum and flyash in the Thonnakal clay has been done separately. The optimum value of the tests was used for californiya bearing ratio test for obtaining CBR value. The results of stabilization of phosphogypsum and fly ash were compared. Usage of these materials will not only improve the strength but the cost of construction can also be reduced.

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Retrofitting of reinforced concrete columns using ferrocement jacketing[ ]


Retrofitting is solution provided when the existing structure is incapable to carry more loads. Ferrocement jacketing is a form retrofitting technique to strengthen the structure, by maintaining its function, as the original geometry of the structure is not rendered with. This experimental study focuses on the effectiveness of ferrocement jacketing for strengthening of existing RC column preloaded with a fraction of its ultimate load carrying capacity. The jacketing technique used is square jacketing with single layer (SLTL) wire mesh with two extra layers mesh at each corner (SLTL) for reducing stress concentration problem of square jacketing in columns and to strengthen all corners. The primary variables considered are number of layers of ferrocement mesh, amount of preloading and effectiveness of SLTL type wire mesh wrapping. Square columns are prepared of similar cross sectional area and reinforcement and are axially loaded. The square columns are preloaded with 70% and 100% of the ultimate load carrying capacity and are wrapped with one and two layers of wire mesh. A cement mortar of 1:2 ratio is applied around the wire mesh uniformly and kept for curing. The strengthened columns were again axially loaded and the results were compared with the results of conventional columns. The test results showed that the confinement effectiveness is high with SLTL type wrapping and that load carrying capacity increases with number of layers of wire mesh.

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Effect of Magnetized Water on GPC With Recycled Tyre Steel Fibre As a ConstituentMaterial[ ]


This paper briefs the research conducted on Geopolymer Concrete(GPC) produced with Magnetized water with Recycled Tyre Steel Fibre(RTSF) constituent material. Despite cement being core component in concrete, due to its high economy and eco-harming manufacturing process, a new space is generated for GPC for its eco-friendly and economic popularity. This research aims at producing 100% Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GGBS) based GPC with alkali activators(AA), also introducing a new era of Water Magnetization over normal water in GPC mix and incorporate RTSF as constituent material. This study analyze the impact of Magnetized water and RTSF on the workability, durability, compressive and split tensile strength of GPC at different molarities of AA solution of GPC and bring out a comparative analysis of with control GPC..The specimen comprising control mix, magnetized mix and RTSF magnetized mix(hybrid mix)were prepared with 8M and 12M of AA solution. Water is magnetized by 1.2T Permanent Magnet by passing it for 4,6 and 8hrs duration with constant discharge. RTSF were added at 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% to the optimum magnetized duration. Specimens were oven cured 700C for 8hrs and ambient cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. Magnetized water has significantly improved the workability, durability, compressive and split tensile strength compared to control GPC. The optimum magnetization is obtained when water is magnetized for 6hrs. Optimum range of RTSF is 0.5%. Addition of RTSF reduces the workability but increases strength and durability. Magnetization increases the pH and reduces the hardness of water.

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Influence of Chemical Activation Process On Durability Nature OF Flyash Concrete[ ]


Fly ash is most commonly used as a replacement material for cement in concrete. The fly ash based concrete mixes exhibits low initial strength development due to low pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash particles. It limits the usage of fly ash up to a certain percentage in case of cement manufacturing process and also reduces the application of high-volume fly ash structures in construction field. A number of studies had been conducted on the chemical activation of fly ash using various sulphate sources. Phosphogypsum (PG), a particular type of industrial waste material which is another form of calcium sulphate. Chemically activated fly ash using phosphogypsum shows high early strength compared to the normal non treated fly ash. The initial strength development of chemically activated fly ash mixes is mainly due to the formation of ettringite ( AFt ) and tobermorite crystals during the early age of hydration. In this study the durability nature of activated fly ash and non – activated fly ash were studied on the basis of acid durability test and base durability test at the age of 90 days after concreting. The mixes were prepared by treating 35% fly ash concrete with 0, 6, 8, 10, 12% of phosphogypsum for the activation process. Compressive strength and weight loss were considered as the parameters for the study of durability nature of fly ash concrete mixes. The obtained results indicate that on addition of 8% and 10% of PG, the chemically activated fly ash mixes shows much improved durability properties which is almost similar to that of the conventional concrete.

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A Parametric study on Core shapes of a Concrete-Encased CFST Column[ ]


The paper presents finite element analysis of a Concrete-Encased CFST (Concrete Filled Steel Tube) column. A Concreteencased CFST consists of a CFST core embedded inside the reinforced concrete. The CFST core utilizes high strength concrete to provide enough axial compressive strength, while the peripheral RC encasement utilizes normal or high strength concrete to resist most of the lateral loads. In this study, different shapes of steel tubes are used to replace the inner core of the composite column and are modeled and analyzed using ANSYS 16.1. All the analytical models have been subjected to axial, lateral and eccentric loadings. Different core shapes were subjected to all the three loading conditions and their behavior in terms of total deformation and force reactions were discussed. After studying the behaviour of different models of composite columns the efficient model was suggested for its better behaviour.

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Analytical investigation on RC beams strengthened with near surface mounted iron based shape memory alloy strips[ ]


Structural member strengthening has b een an essential requirement in construction industry. Iron based shape memory a lloys got widespread attention as a strengt heni ng material for RC bea ms. Shape memory alloys ar e that materials which remembers and retur n to it s ori ginal shape when heated abo ve certai n temperature. When the return of the material to its i niti al position is restrained, it will produce some recovery stress and this stress can be transferred to connected concrete which act as prestr ess in the body. Extensive literature review was carried out to understand the sta te of art of RC beams stre ngthened with near surface mounted iron ba sed shape memory allo ys. Near surface mounting (NSM) technique wa s used to connect shape memor y a lloy strips to RC beam. Thi s paper deal s wit h finite element analysis of RC beams strengthened with near surface mo unted iron ba sed shape memory alloys.

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Seismic behaviour of circular cfst columns to steel beam connection with external diaphragms[ ]


This paper deals with the studies conducted on the seismic b e haviour of steel beam to circular CFST column connections under lateral cyclic loading and constant axial compression. The numerical study is conduc t ed using ANSYS workbench 16 .1 The connection failure mainly occurs due to the formation of plastic hinge or shear failure of the panel zone. The shear failure behavior of the panel zone in cir cular CFST column to steel beam connection in interior columns to steel beam connection is studied in detail. Three different ratios of beam depths ( 1 , 0.75, and 0.5 ) are considered. models are analysed for varying thicknesses(6mm,8mm,10mm, and 12mm) of column steel tube The equivalent stress distribution, maximum shear stress and load deflectio n curves for all the models are evaluated.

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Seismic analysis of steel diagrid structures using triple friction pendulum isolator(TFP)[ ]


Today new technique of construction as well as aspect of design is coming to forefront as method of conventional design has failed to give the proper result. Base isolation is one of the most widely accepted seismic protection system used in earthquake prone areas. The base isolation system separates the structure from its foundation and primary moves it relate to that of the super structure. Diagrid struc-ture is new trending concept in the field of structural engineering taking into account the factors of structural stability, aesthetic appearance and economic consideration. The scope of the paper is related to the seismic analysis of steel di-agrid structure in combination with base iso-lation. Here Triple Friction Pendulum Isolator is used for base isolation. Dynamic linear response spectrum analysis and dynamic linear time history analysis is performed in the isolated diagrid building. Further a comparative study of performance of base isolated diagrid building has been carried out by response spectrum and time history analysis by changing the bracings and bracing arrangement pattern. ie, X, V, inverted V, eccen forward and eccen backward bracings in whole, alternate, horizontal and vertical pattern ar-rangemets. For this a 22 storey and 11 storey steel diagrid building is designed and the above mentioned analysis is carried out. Base shear and top storey displace-ment are used as parameters for this study. From the results it concluded that for both 22 storey and 11 storey diagrid building, building having V bracing with al-ternate arrangement pattern showing better results.

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Seismic analysis of soft storey buildings[ ]


Vehicle parking is a major concern in urban areas due to increased occupancy . Hence in most buildings, the lowermost storey is used for parking. RC framed buildings with open first storey (soft storey)are known as s oft storey buildings. Earthquakes that occurred recently have shown that a large number of existing reinforced concrete buildings especially soft storey building are vulnera ble to damage or even collapse during a strong earthqua ke. In this study seismic behaviour of various models of soft storey framed buildings enhanced with shear walls, bracings and s tiffer column s are compared with that of a soft storey frame d model. Software ETABS is used to perform response spectrum analysi s and parameters such as base shear , stiffness , inter storey drift and storey displacement are studied.

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Effect of non-silica on strength and durability of concrete[ ]


Concrete is the most commonly used in construction material. Concrete is the material of choice where strength, performance, durability, impermeability, fire resistance and abrasion resistance are required. The hunger for the higher strength leads to other materials to achieve the desired results and thus emerged the contribution of cementitious material for the strength of concrete. The mechanical properties start showing increasing trend with increase in the quantity of Nano-silica. The influence of nano silica on various properties of concrete is obtained by replacing the cement with various percentages for cement in the range of 0%,1%,2%,3%,4% for m25 concrete mix. Specimens were casted using nano silica concrete. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of nano silica concrete at the age of 14 and 28 days. Results indicate that the concrete by using nano silica powder was able to increase its compressive strength. However the density is reduced compared to standard mix of concrete. The replacement of cement with 3% NS results in higher strength than the control concrete. The replacement of cement with NS more than 3% results in reduction of properties of nano silica concrete. Thus, there is a scope of developing nano materials which can also pave the path to reduce cement content in concrete than the conventional mixes while maintaining and both increasing strength characteristics which will lead into the production of greener concrete..

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Analytical evaluation and seismic performance of concrete encased steel composite beam to steel column joint[ ]


To reduce floor to floor height the composite beam TEC concept is used and the material used is steel. The technical, economical, and convenient TEC beam is developed as a new composite beam composed of structural tee, horizontal top stud, precast concrete, stirrup, and cast-in-place concrete slab. For making different sections of joint and compare the moment capacity of those joints and the parametric investigation of the joint is the main objective of this work and also to evaluate the cyclic performance of the best of among the joints and also to improve the seismic performance. The analytical study is carried out with FEA software to find out deflection, load and moment capacity. The different beam column joint is made with is concept such as the steel bracket length ratio, stud ratio etc. and also the concrete portion is filled with I section with changing B/ D ratio etc.

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Study On lateral behaviour of corrugated tapered beam and beam to column joint[ ]


This paper present the lateral beahaviour of corrugated tapered section. The numerical analysis is carried out by the software ANSYS 16.1.in these study focused on different parameters like varying tapered ratio(by keeping section and weight is constant) influence of corrugation thickness and effect of double corrugation. The load is applied monotonically to the structure Pushover analysis is used for analyzing the tapered beam. Sinusoidal corrugation is provided to the structure. By tapering the beam it help to reduce the dead weight of the beam and become economical

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Effect Of Addition Of Copper Slag On The Load Settlement Characteristics Of Sandy Soil[ ]


Construction of civil engineering structures in weak soil sites creates problems due to excessive settlement and low bearing capacity of the soil at foundation level. Bearing capacity of soil can be improved by placing a layer of engineered granular fill (i.e. sand) of limited thickness at granular fill-soil interface. Use of industrial by products in construction has been in vogue in India for quite sometime. Copper slag is one of such industrial waste materials that are being used extensively in the civil engineering construction industry. This study is done to investigate the bearing capacity and settlement of circular footing of three different diameters resting on copper slag–soil mix. The tests were conducted by mixing different percentages of copper slag (5,10,15,20,25,30) to the soil. There was a decrease in settlement of footing and increase in load carrying capacity on increasing the percentage of copper slag and an optimum dosage of copper slag was found to be 25 % with the sand in terms of bearing capacity and settlement.

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Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beams using basalt fibre wrappings[ ]


Deterioration of RC structures is one of the major problem that the world facing. Thus the need of rehabilitation or reconstruction aris es. Rehabilitation is more economical and sustainable than reconstruction. This experimental study deals with there habilitation of RC beams using the Basalt Fibre Wrappings . Basalt fibre has good tensile strength, fire resistance and economical. R CC beams of size 32 00x150x200 mm are initially prepared. Then the beams are subjected to two point loading in order to highlight the study on the f lexural behaviour of beams. B eams except control beams are pr e loaded upto 80% of failure load of control beam s and strengthened with Basalt Fibre Wrapping . The strengthened beams are again subjected to two point loa d ing. The retrofitted beams are later compared with the results of control beams. The effectiveness are studied using two different wrapping profiles, U shape wrapping and bottom wrapping.

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Study on mechanical properties of cow dung ash modified concrete[ ]


Concrete is the second most used material around the world, the first being water.OPC is mainly used as binder. Manufacturing of OPC holds 5 8% greenhouse gas emission which contributes t o global warming. Thus development of sustainable building materials technology has got much importance.Geopolymer concrete was developed on this context.Geopolymer concrete i s a type of concrete where OPC is fully or partially replaced using waste materia ls containing aluminosilicates.Cowdung ash which is obtained by drying and burning of cow excreta has aluminosilicate content.It is bulky and has a large ash content con t ating a nitrogen rich material,potassium,phosphorus and calcium.In this study cement i s partially replaced by cowdung ash(CDA) at 5%,7.5%,10%,15%.Compressive strength twest,flexural strength test and spilt tensile strength test are conducted.M30 mix concr ete is used for the study if CDA replaced c ement shows sufficient strength we can not o nly reduce greenhouse gas emission but also the cost of construction to a great extent.

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Performance Analysis of Column to Column Bolted Connections[ ]


The bol ted connection is a new application for mounting rectangular hollow section (RHS) columns in prefabricated multi-highrise steel structures, which may bear the combination of bending moment and shear under permanent, live, wind loads or earthquake . To investigate the performance analysis of a bolted connection of column to column this study conducted a comparison between detachable precast composite column and hollow steel column to column connection. Conducted loading tests and finite element analysis of column to column bolted connections with different baseplate thicknesses,different baseplate dimensions ,bolt as well as one column with beam connection. The influences of the base plate thickness, different bolt dimensions on the stiffness and strength of the connections, bolt tension and contact force were studied, and the failure mode and mechanism of the connection were obtained.Failng of column occurs without any fail in the bolted.

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Bio-Abatement Of Piping Of Soil[ ]


As water flows within a soil mass of an earthen dam, retaining structures, embankments it can lead to an internal erosion known as the piping of soil. It occurs when the seepage velocity is more than the critical velocity. This phenomenon is highly destructive which can lead to the failure of the structure. In this paper the effect of dry bamboo leaves to reduce piping of soil is considered. Dry bamboo leaves content varied from 0-15% with an increment of 5%.The main test carried out was Harvard Miniature compaction test. A series of compaction tests were conducted on different proportion of bamboo leaves mixed with soil. It was found that addition of dry bamboo leaves effectively reduced the piping of soil.

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Comparitive Study on Integral and Conventional Bridges Subjected to Flood Loadings[ ]


Bridges are traditionally built with expansion joints at the ends to allow for longitudinal displacements of the superstructure due to temperature variations. Thus, most conventional bridges possess expansion joints and bearings, which are expensive in their materials and installation. Elimination of expansion joints in bridges may reduce the construction costs, overcome many of the maintenance problems, and increase the stability and durability of the bridges. These economic and functional advantages are generally recognized by bridge Engineers leading to the concept of integral construction or integral bridge. The lack of expansion joints in integral bridges results in reduced repair and maintenance costs throughout the service life of the bridge. It improves seismic resistance and extends long-term serviceability. The need to design bridges to withstand flood and debris loads has long been recognised however bridges are still failing to live their entire design life when subjected to extreme flooding events. This project presents a structural evaluation of bridges when subjected to the flood loadings that took place in Kerala , 2018. For this study, an existing conventional bridge is selected and flood analysis is carried out using SAP 2000. For the same site conditions, an integral bridge with equivalent cross section is analyzed, and results are compared

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Behaviour of Prefabricated Steel Reinforced Concrete (PSRC) Column Under Different Loading Conditions[ ]


Nowadays non-conventional reinforcement systems are used to replace the conventional Reinforced Concrete (RC) Systems. In this paper Prefabricated Steel Reinforced Concrete (PSRC) system is introduced. PSRC columns, in which, the steel angles are placed at corners of cross section and are connected by transverse reinforcement which provide shear resistance, concrete confinement and bond resistance between concrete and steel angles. For PSRC, field rebar work is unnecessary and the self-erectable steel cage of angles and transverse bars together can provide sufficient strength and rigidity to support the construction loads of other structural members like beams and slabs. Compression test were performed analytically over 15 specimens to evaluate the axial compression capacity and forcedeformation behaviour. For comparison a conventional concrete column reinforced with steel bars were also analysed. The analytical results show that the structural performance of PSRC columns were comparable to, or even better than that of the conventional reinforced concrete column.

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Static and dynamic performance of hollow flange tapered web steel beam[ ]


Hollow flanged web tapered steel beam (HFTWSB) is a new hollow flange I-section made using steel rectangular hollow sections (RHS) as flanges and a tapered cold rolled steel plate as web. Due to the increased torsional rigidity, hollow flange sections can provide good flexural capacities and thus are effective flexural members in long span applications. The production of proposed HFTWSBs will be done by welding currently available RHS to a web plate, which allows engineers to use as beam by varying beam conditions to suit their design requirements. Tapered steel members are mostly chosen instead of prismatic because of its better cross-section utilization along the member, which makes them an economical alternative. By using cold rolled steel also can increase the load carrying capacity. This project deals with the analytical study on HFTWSBs using ANSYS workbench 16.1 version

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Partial replacement of cement with palm oil fuel ash and kaolinite clay in concrete[ ]


Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a by-product from the palm oil industry, is disposed off as landfill. Kaolinite is a clay mineral with the chemical formula 𝐴Al2Si2O5(OH)4. In this paper cement was partially replaced with POFA and kaolinite clay at various percentages. POFA was added at 0, 10, 20 and 30% and to each percentage of POFA kaolinite was added at 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 %. The various properties of concrete like compressive strength, split tensile strength were examined. The compressive strength was found to be maximum for 30% POFA and 7.5 % kaolinite mix. The flexural strength of 3m long RCC beams were examined for the control mix and the mix with optimum percentage of these materials The load deflection graphs were plotted. The setting time was slightly affected with the addition of these materials. The optimum percentage of POFA was estimated as 30% and kaolinite was found to be 7.5%. From all these tests it was found that both POFA and kaolinite clay were suitable materials to replace cement

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Slope Failure in Lateritic Soils - An Analytical approach[ ]


During the recent floods of August 2018 Kerala witnessed a large number of landslides which created great loss of life and property. Slope collapses abruptly under the influence of rainfall or an earthquake. Laterite soil is well known in Asian countries as building material. Intense southwest monsoon rainfall, high temperature and lush vegetation promote the formation of laterite soils. Failures occur in lateritic soil due to several reasons such as change in slope geometry, uncertainty of erratic ground profile, presence of water table on site and presence of an unrecognized soft soil layer. Strength of laterite varies with time because of the losses of cohesion and angle of internal friction, ineffectiveness of iron oxide to coalesce and loss of strength due to fully saturated soil condition. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the failure in lateritic soil using geostudio slope stability software. The minimum factor of safety and critical slip surface was obtained. The pore water pressure was also considered during the analysis

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Ayacut map preparation by google earth & irrigation scheduling using crowpat 8.0 model[ ]


The study is focused on the gross ayacut area map prepara tion using GOOGLE EARTH PRO, crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of major crops in Thoothapuzha river basin using CROPWAT 8.0 The site is located in Thiruv e gappura panchayat near Pattambi at Palakkad district, Kerala. Canal alignment is tracked an d gross ayacut map is drawn by GOOGLE EARTH PRO. The ayacut map area is also computed. It is obtained as 141.06 Ha. CROPWAT 8.0 software has been used for estim a tion of potential evapotranspiration and crop water requirement of each crop by considering meteorological data viz. effective rainf all, temperature etc. Required data are collected from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and Regional Agricultural R e search Station, Pattambi (RARS). The major cultivated crops are rice, coconut, arecanut, banana, etc. The total water requirements for these crops in basin area are computed. This is added to the drinking water requirement of 35000 co n sumers of Thir u vegappura panchayat.The total water requirement is obtained as 1.785 Mm 3 . This study shows a more important intimation that the CROPWAT irri gation m anagement model could be used effectively and efficiently to estimate the agricultural water r e quirements of different types of crops.

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Road Traffic Induced Noise Pollution Modelling and Fuel Emission Analysis at Rail Road Crossings[ ]


The railway crossings force both road traffic and trains to reduce their speed, increasing travel time, congestion and decreasing overall efficiency of the rail network. The main problems affected by such intersections are delay, poisonous gas emissions and the noise pollution from road traffic. The aim of this study is to find the delay and environmental impact of the major level crossings of Thrissur city. During the passage of train along the level crossings, the gates will be closed. This may lead to long time delay to the road traffic. Almost all the vehicles do not turn off their engines for the entire block time which will cause increased emissions of pollutants. Also, the poisonous gas emission will be very high due to slower speed and stop & go situation of vehicles. Emissions not only affect the passengers and riders, but also have severe effect on people living close to level crossing junctions. Along with air pollution there is a large amount of noise produced both from train and the road traffic. Also there will be a large amount of fuel consumption which will further cause extra fuel cost.The sound pollution were measured using Sound level meter. These air and noise pollution will be a great concern in terms of environmental pollution. So it is important to model for road traffic induced noise pollution at rail-road crossings. Also the delay analysis at these level crossings need to be done. According to results obtained, suitable solutions have been proposed to reduce delay and pollution at the level crossings

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Structural Performance and Fatigue Behaviour of Orthotropic Steel Bridge[ ]


Orthotropic steel bridge is a type of steel bridge in which stiffeners are connected either longitudinally or transversely or in both directions. These bridges are widely used in long span bridges and urban viaducts because of their light dead weight and shorter construction time. In present study orthotropic steel bridge with U shaped hollow ribs are considered and intended as analysis investigations of minimum fatigue life and maximum stress developed in orthotropic steel bridge under truck load. Minimum fatigue life is calculated based on Soderberg method using ANSYS 16.1 software. Fatigue failure is a prominent problem for such bridges due to large number of welded connections. In order to improve the fatigue life of the orthotropic steel bridges; implemented an ultra light weight concrete having density 1250 Kg/m3 inside the ribs

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Comparison of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced Concrete With Normal Concrete In CFST Short Column[ ]


These Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) column comprises steel hollow section of circular or rectangular cross section filled with p lain or reinforced concrete. Steel confinement helps to reduce columns size and confined columns possess excellent earthquake resistance and fire resistance properties. CFST columns are most suitable for modern high rise buildings by providing efficie nt so lutions both in terms of strength and stiffness. M20 design mix concrete amalgamated with 0.75 % glass fibre and 0.5 % coir fibre was chosen as hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (HFRC) which is used as an in fill material for CFST columns. A total of 4 colu mn specimens comprising of two HFRCFST column and two normal concrete filled steel tube columns were tested. Steel tube specimens are of diameter 5cm, height 60 cm and thicknesses 3 mm. Short column were used for experiments. Results show that HFRCFST colu mn specimen have higher ultimate load carrying capacity than NC filled steel tube columns

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Study on Collapse Mechanism of Typical Rc Beam Against Progressive Collapse Under Column Removal Scenario[ ]


This work investigates the response of typical RC beam under the column removal scenario and their potential resistance against progressive collapse. This paper analyses different span buildings with typical beam depth. Three different spans were chosen for this study such as 3, 4, 6 m and typical beam depth is 400 mm, obtained from L/D =15 in the case of 6m span. This study focuses buildings with aspect ratio L/B=B/H=L/locations are corner, intermediate and perimeter as per GSA and DoD. Load combination and beam reinforcement followed as per prograssive collapse guidelines. Nonlinear dynamic analysis carried out in ETABS 17.0.1 software. The conducted study shows that maximum displacement is 50 mm, occurred in 6 m span at corner column removal scenario. Maximum DCR value was obtained for the 6m span building, intermediate ground column removal case.

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Stability analysis and optimization of gravity retaining wall using Matlab[ ]


Retaining walls are generally used to maintain the ground surfaces at different elevations. Among various types of retaining walls,gravity retaining walls are commonly used. It depends on self weight for its stability.All structures should be checked for safety conditions. Also optimization of retaining wall is an another important task in its design.It is very difficult to design a structure considering safety conditions and optimum cost and weight. This can be easily done by adopting a non linearprogrammimg technique. MATLAB can be used for this purpose which is a high performance language for technical computing.Here a program is developed in MATLAB to analyse the stability of gravity retaining wall and optimization is done using OPTIMTOOL in MATLAB. The program considers proportioning of retaining wall,its self-weight,soil type and its conditions etc.Validation by considering an existing retaining wall is also done

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Strengthening Steel Beams Using CFRP Subjected to Impact Loads[ ]


Over the past few years, retrofitting structures using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) has been gaining a lot of importance due to its effectiveness. Some structures need to be replaced if they exceed their design period because of deterioration and certain other structures may have some errors during design or construction phase. These kind of structures need to be strengthened for ensuring better performance and quality. The flexural strengthening using CFRP has been traditionally associated with concrete and steel structures. In steel structures, most researches have been conducted when these are subjected to static and fatigue loads and very less studies exist when these are subjected to dynamic loads. This paper presents the numerical analysis of the flexural strengthening phenomenon when steel beams are externally bonded with CFRP and subjected to impact loads. The objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of CFRP in reducing the failure of existing square hollow section steel beams when the beams are subjected to impact loads. The finite element software ANSYS 16.1 is used for the dynamic analysis. The parameters considered in the study are thenumber of layers and the thickness of CFRP and also the pattern in which CFRP is bonded onto the beam

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Vehicle choice behaviour on “ON STREET” parking[ ]


Population growth plays a vital role in the urban traffic systems. Due to the budding population on the streets, traffic congestion is an inevitable scenario. One of the main factor which leads to this traffic congestion is the improper parking system followed by vehicle obstruction, road capacity reduction, careless accidents due to parking, etc on the streets. Parking has become the critical problem for urban areas, because there are limited areas for parking vehicles. An understanding of parking behavior is important for city planners to design parking facilities and draw parking policy. This paper describes the parking choice behaviour of vehicles on “on street” parking system. The data were collected from Thrissur town area in 2018. The observations included 250 interviews with individuals who choose bike or car on street parking. The characteristics of individuals choosing the vehicles were presented. The resulting observations were used to estimate binary logit model with various utility functions. The utility functions included some factors that influences the choice behaviour are distance, time, condition of parking space, road width, purpose, etc. The analysis was done by using SPSS software. The predicted model helps to designer to make suitable parking choice model

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Experimental Study on Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Concrete[ ]


From the ancient times, many experiments were tried on plain cement concrete by adding several fibers to improve mechanical properties of concrete. In recent years many were interested on making low cost construction materials by using natural fibers for the purpose of environmental protection. Among these, pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) has most desirable mechanical properties. Through this study, we tried to improve the mechanical properties of concrete by adding PALF in the aspect ratio 450 and conducted experiments on concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength tests in the percentage of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 by weight of cement. From the experiment we got the optimum value of PALF as 0.1% by weight of cement, which showed an increase of 82.3%, 43.24% and 35.24% in compressive strength, split strength and flexural strength respectively as compared to plain cement concrete.

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Comparative study on convential concrete and pineapple leaf fibre reinforced concrete[ ]


Different types of fibres are used in concrete for the improvement of its mechanical properties. Both the synthetic fibres and natural fibres could be used. The use of plant fibre in concrete holds a pre-dominant position in the concrete industry. For environmental protection purposes, the use of natural fibres rather than synthetic fibres is highly recommended. In this study, Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) is used to improve the properties of conventional concrete. PALF is compatible natural fibre resource and constitutes a good chemical composition when compared to other natural fibres. The present work includes the experimental tests conducted to measure the strength of conventional concrete and concrete containing pineapple fibres at various dosages (0.2 to 1%) in 0.2% increments at 28 days curing. The experimental tests conducted are compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. The test results are compared and analysed. Water absorption and durability tests are also conducted

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Load Settlement Analysis of Basalt Fibre Geogrids in Cohesionless Soil[ ]


Geogrids are more popularly used in the field of Geotechnics in improving the load bearing capacity of week soils. The study focusses on utilization of natural fiber Geogrids obtained from basalt rock. Being light weight and ecofriendly compared to other metal and polymer Geogrids, basalt fiber Geogrids can be used more reliably in strengthening the cohesion less soils. The optimum depth of placement of Geogrids is found to be at 0.25b from the surface of footing. Both cellular and sandwich model of Geogrids with coir fiber inclusions are studied. The results show a phenomenal relation. The percentage of coir fiber is varied as 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1%. Variation in length (0.25b, 0.75b, 1.5b and 2b) and number of basalt fiber Geogrids cells (N=1, 5, 9) have been carried out and compared with unreinforced condition of soil. Results show that maximum benefit can be obtained with a cellular arrangement at l/b=1.5 and N=9. A comparative study is done to determine the effectiveness of natural fiber Geogrids like coir and basalt.

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Modeling of Intercity Mode Choice Behaviour of Passengers[ ]


Mode choice behavior study is crucial to explain travelers’ mode preferences under different scenarios and for the infrastructure development for new modes. And which has as a crucial part in transport planning process. Different mode choice generation, modeling the mode choice behaviour of different mode alternatives and heterogeneity across travelers are non-trivial challenges in intercity mode choice studies. This paper tackles these challenges by focusing on the revealed preferences of public transport users in the Thrissur, Cochi and Calicut cities. For a transport modeling process, adequate data is required. The data were bagged using the questionnaire survey. This work compares the predictive performance of train and bus public transport systems for travel mode choice analysis for intercity travel and makes recommendations for model selection. In addition, the model addresses the importance of different variables and how they relate to different travel modes. The trip distance and purpose are found in affecting the mode choice passengers. Travel time and cost are the most important variables in the binary logistic model development; the importance of the other variables varies with classifiers and travel modes.

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Finite Element Analysis Of Skirted Foundation Resting Adjacent To Sand [ ]


Skirt foundations are generally used to improve the bearing capacity of the shallow footing on sandy soil. These are also considered as an alternative to the deep foundations in low strength soil. Slope stability is the resistance of inclined surface to failure either by sliding or collapsing. This paper reports the application of using a skirted foundation system to study the behavior of foundations with structural skirts adjacent to a sand slope. The skirts effect on controlling horizontal soil movement and decreasing pore water pressure beneath foundations and beside the slopes. This thesis paper is investigated numerically using MIDAS . A series of models for the problem under investigation were run under different skirt depths and location from the slope crest. Nodal displacement and element strains were analyzed for the foundation with skirts.

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Performance Of Special Shaped Columns Composed Of Concrete Filled Steel Tube Monocolumns[ ]


This paper presents the review of various studies conducted on the performance of special shaped columns composed of concrete filled steel tube monocolumns under different loading conditions. The failure modes, load-deformation relationship and straindistribution of the columns were studied. Axial load, eccentric and lateral loads were applied on these CFST columns and its load carryingcapacities were compared for different parametric changes. Parametric studies include change in monocolumn shape and replacement ofvertical steel plates with lacing bars. The main cause of failure on these types of columns was due to loacal buckling. Analysis of thesemodels was done using ansys software. Various studies conducted on these special shaped CFST columns were discussed in this paper

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Axial compressive behaviour of criss cross shapedconcrete columns fenced with steel[ ]


This paper concerns with the axial load behaviour of criss-cross shaped columns. The criss-cross shaped columns were consist of five CFST mono columns and connected by Lacing bar, single steel plate with stiffeners and double vertical steel plate. The column was analyzed by the finite element method. FEM modelling by using the software ansys16.2. The variables were the height and the width of the vertical steel plates. Based on the finite-element model, the loading carrying capacity of these type columns depends on height and dimensions of criss-cross shape. Load carrying capacity decreasing with increasing height of criss-cross shaped columns. There for we need to increase the dimensions of criss-cross shape. In this paper also find width of steel plate corresponding to height of criss-cross shaped columns connected by double vertical steel plate

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Load-Settlement Behavior Of Circular Footing On Sand-Flyash Bed[ ]


Fly ash is produced in large amount as a by –product of thermal power plants every year. For the effective utilization it can be used as filling for low lying area ,construction site, embankment etc. Objective of present work is to study the load settlement behavior of fly ash overlaying sand deposit .Load test is performed on the circular footing resting on sand bed at maximum density. Fly ash be of varying thickness were introduced over the sand bed. Thickness of layer were chosen as 4cm,8cm,12cm,16cm,20cm.Three footing of diameters 100mm,115mm,130mm were used in the model study .As the thickness of fly ash layer increases settlement decreases.

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Drip curing technique on concrete for water conversation and improved compressive strength [ ]


Concrete and its curing is an inevitable process of any construction. Curing of concrete is the process of maintaining satisfactory moisture content in concrete during its early stages in order to develop the desired properties for concrete such as developing the concrete microstructure and pore structure thereby improving its durability and performance. Water is largely used in curing process and is becoming a scarce material day by day. Even if the conventional concrete mix used has various advantages it also has disadvantages as cracking, low strength, high water consumption and brittleness. There is an urgent need to do research work pertaining to saving of water and improving strength of concrete by making modifications in curing process. The study leads to comparison of 3ways of curing techniques by means of compressive strength at 28th day. In this study the IS standard specimen tested and identified drip curingmethod is adaptable for different concrete need of construction. Also for curing, the drip curing method inspired from the drip irrigation system is used. This combination results in conservation of water without compromising properties of concrete.

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Performance evaluation of subgrade soil stabilized using mango dry leaves ash[ ]


This paper investigates the geotechnical properties of soil stabilized with mango dry leaves ash. The soil taken for the test was locally available soil and it was subjected to preliminary soil test such as Sieve analysis, Atterberg’s limit, Proctor testand California Bearing Ratio test were also carried out on the soil at its natural state and at when the mango dry leaves ashes were added to soil at varying proportions of 4, 8, 12, 16% by weight of soil. From the results it was found that with increase in percentage of mango dried leaves ash the CBR value is increased up to 12%. It is therefore concluded that in addition of mango dry leaves ash which increases the properties and can be effectively used for subgrade soil.

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Design of residential building using ferro-cement technology[ ]


Ferrocement is a composite material made up of cement mortar and reinforcement in the form of layer of mesh. A composite material is a formed that behaves differently from reinforced concrete. There is some similarity between the reinforced concrete and ferrocement materials; differences are there, indicating that ferrocement requires a separate study to establish its structural performances. Ferrocement, a thin element, is used as a building construction as well as a repair material. This review from the past experience present the results of experimental and analytical studies on ferrocement members and bring out the salient features of construction, material properties and the special techniques of applying cement mortar on to the reinforcing mesh. This study brings out the importance of using ferrocement in swimming pools and water tanks, silos, corrugated roofs, slab panels, shell and dome structures by using available mechanized production methods and proper choice of reinforcements

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Structural performance of cold formed hollow flanged plate girders with corrugated web[ ]


The proposed cold formed hollow flanged plate girders with corrugated web are aiming to fulfill economy with strength and safety by reducing the dead load of the structure. Different hollow sections are used as flange like rectangular and trapezoidal with web corrugations. Flexural behavior of these sections is studied in detail. Parametric study was also done and the best section was chosen. Behavior of these sections are also studied when they are provided with double corrugated web, concrete filled double corrugated web and curved flange, and how it affects the load carrying capacity.

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Structural behavior of cold formed steel in hybrid wall frame[ ]


Nowadays Hybrid structures are commonly used around the world. A Hybrid is a combination of two or more different materials to get the most out of each material. In this paper investigating the lateral performance of a hybrid wall frame made of high strength of cold formed steel (CFS) and hot rolled steel (HRS). CFS have high strength to weight ratio compared to HRS. Square hollow section of hot rolled steel are used as outer elements and high strength CFS as inner elements. Four variants of cold formed zed section are analysed and out of this improved z section with web stiffeners and curved as inner elements. Analysis is carried out using ANSYS software.

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Performance of different diagrid shape in high rise steel buildings with mass eccentricity[ ]


The rapid increase in population and constraint land space have influenced the growth of high rise buildings. Diagrid –‘Diagonal Grid’ is a structural system used commonly for high rise structures and has more structural efficiency, aesthetic potential and can save up to 20% of the steel weight compared to the conventional structural system. The peripheral diagrid can withstand the lateral loads acting on the structure and has appreciable flexibility with the floor plan by avoiding interior and corner columns. In this paper analysis and design of 36 storey diagrid building with mass eccentricity and mass irregularity concept will be done on a regular floor plan of 36m x 36m size using ETABS software. Comparison of analysis results in terms of time period, top story displacement and inter storey drift will be done and study on torsional irregularity and degree of rotation will be carried out.

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Analysis of concrete filled steel tube beams[ ]


The Steel-concrete composite column can be an effective solution for any type of civil engineering construction instead of bare concrete or bare steel column because of having a good confinement effect between steel and concrete. Now a day’s usage of concrete filled steel tube (CFST) is increased. Their usage as columns in high-rise and multi-story buildings, as beams in low-rise industrial buildings and as arch bridges has become extensive in many countries. But in India their usage is a new concept. This paper presents the finite element (FE) analysis and modelling of square concrete filled steel tube beams using the software package ANSYS 16.2. 3 different cross-sections of square CFST (72mm*72mm, 80mm*80mm, 100mm*100mm) were selected. Their modelling was done and a parametric study is also carried out using the verified FE models to study the effect of depth to thickness ratio (D/t), thickness of steel tube (t), compressive strength of infilled concrete, length of the steel tube (L), effect of shape of cross-section of steel tube was also studied

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Application of Tuned Liquid Damper on Response of a Building under Strong Ground Motion[ ]


Modern construction industry demands an effective method for controlling the vibrations of taller and lighter structures. The tuned liquid damper is one such effective method to minimize the vibrations of the structure. It is Cost effective and demands less maintenance. In this paper an analytical study is proposed on the effectiveness of tuned liquid damper under earthquake to reduce structural vibration of a multi storied building using FEAST. Primarily, modeling of structure was done and free vibration analysis was executed to determine the fundamental natural frequency. Then the tuned liquid damper is to be designed for the natural frequency of building and the frequency response analysis were carried out under 1m/s2 base excitation. The optimum mass ratio obtained was 1.5 % and corresponding reduction in acceleration was found to be 32.93%. Then shock response spectrum analysis were carried out by considering data from 4 major earthquakes and the corresponding reduction in displacement (54.62%) were recorded. Finally optimum dimensions of the tank suitable for practical implementation were recommended

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Response and Motion Performance 5MW NREL Wind Turbine Platforms o Bf aOsfefsdh Oorne Gujarat and West Bengal Costal Ocean State[ ]


The demand of electrical energy is getting higher around the world every other passing day and India is no such exception. With limited non-renewable resources of energy to generate electricity, India is slowly shifting its focus towards renewable resources of energy like solar and wind to produce electricity. Here in this project we majority focuses on the design and response of the floater platforms which carry 5MW wind turbines as floating entity. A major breakthrough in the offshore wind turbine research is the introduction of mini TLP’s which are very much small and cost effective than normal TLP’s for wind extraction purposes .ANSYS AQWA a commercial suite of hydrodynamic programs, which is widely used in the offshore industry is adopted in this project to execute the Hydrostatic and hydrodynamic analysis. Two localities with different latitudinal and longitudinal extent are selected according to similar ocean floor depth without much undulation in bathymetric data. The entire localities selected are located in Indian coasts which are a few km away from the major ports in India. Such offshore floating innovations are totally unknown for Indian community and no such projects are proposed or commissioned till now in India even Indian costal wind have much intensity. Here comes the relevance of the work. The parameters like Wind, Wave, Ocean current etc will vary according to variation in localities and there Variations are considered from INCOIS portal and inputted in to AQWA. Such modern innovations will definitely become an add up to the energy demands of a developing entity India.

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Crash Prediction Modeling of Two Lane Undivided Highways Using Artificial Neural Network[ ]


Road accidents are increasing day by day, causing losses to human life and economy. This scenario focuses the necessity of understanding why these accidents occur and how to prevent future ones. Crash prediction models have been developed which are able to correlate accident frequency with infrastructure characteristics and to support the planning and design of countermeasures to enhance road safety. In this paper crash prediction model is developed using Artificial Neural network (ANN). Neural Networks have the ability to describe high complex systems and helps engineers to learn about, all the factors which promotes road crashes. ANN were developed in Python with Keras library. The factors considered in the model are crash data, speed, volume, landuse type, pavement width and condition, shoulder width, number of horizontal curves, vertical curves, intersections and bus stops. Results shows that estimated traffic accidents, based on the input data are close enough to actual road accidents hence it is reliable to predict future accidents in two lane undivided state highways. The performance of ANN is found to be better than other statistical methods

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Cyclic Behavior Of Special Shaped Reduced Beam Section Connections On Non Prismatic Corrugated Beams And CFST Columns[ ]


This paper presents the study of cyclic behavior of joints composed of non-prismatic corrugated steel beams and CFST columns with reduced beam sections. As per recent studies, steel moment frames with weld connections are very brittle in earthquakes. The main damage in such structures is reported on the weld regions due to formation of plastic hinge which resulted in ultimate collapse.The best method to reduce the stress concentration in weld region could be the use of reduced beam section (RBS). RBS moves plastic hinge formation at suitable distance from the joint such that both column and joint remain protected during an earthquake. Three connections with different shape of reducing beam flange have been modelled using ANSYS 16.1 and compared with each other during cyclic behaviour with a story drift of 0.03 radians. The obtained result of this study showed that using circular RBS, stress on column is greatly reduced with an average maximum load carrying capacity. It also shows better hysteresis behavior. Plastic strain is also more on the RBS region.

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Lateral Resistance And Seismic Behavior Of Steel Plate Concrete Composite Shear Wall[ ]


The paper presents Lateral resistance and seismic behaviour of the steel plate concrete composite shear wall. Numerical analysis on composite shear wall was carried out through ANSYS WORKBENCH 16.1 software. The traditional RC shear wall tends to develop tension cracks in the tension zones and crush in the localized compression areas during large cyclic excursions. Cracks and crushing failures result in splitting and spalling failure of the wall with serious deterioration of stiffness and reduction in strength. Thus some improved technology in construction required to meet the needs, Composite shear Wall comprises of two faceplates, concrete, shear studs and tie rods as connectors. Lateral resistance on composite shear wall with various Aspect ratio and shear stud shapes were studied. For the strengthening of composite shear wall, stiffeners were introduced in wall and nonlinear cyclic analysis on composite shear wall with different stiffener arrangement such as diagonal, radial, vertical, circular was carried out. The wall with Aspect ratio 1 shows good lateral resistance. There is no significant variation in the performance of walls with different shear stud shape. Steel plate concrete composite shear wall with diagonally arranged stiffener shows good seismic performance as compared to other shear walls.

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Shear lag behaviour of hat shaped laminated composite box sections[ ]


Laminated composites is a new construction material, gradually gaining popularity in a large variety of structures including aerospace, marine and civil infrastructure due to their high strength, stiffness, lightweight and durability. It is generally assumed in bending theory that plane sections remain plane after loading, this assumption does not hold for box beams with wide flanges. Shear lag effect can bring uneven normal stress distribution on flanges; it would affect the strength design of thin-walled beams. In this paper effect of shear lag on laminated composites is examined. The present study focuses on the way for finding out the shear lag effects on symmetrically laminated graphite epoxy thin walled composite box beams under flexural loading. A parametric study has been conducted using the homogeneous and orthotropic hat shaped box beam sections. Effects of breadth to depth ratio, hat angle and orthotropic parameter and cross sectional parameter are studied

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ExperimentalInvestigations on Flexural Behaviour of Hybrid Concrete Beams[ ]


A beam is a one dimensional (horizontal) flexural member which provides support to the slab and walls. In a beam having support at both ends, concrete above neutral axis (NA) take compressive stress, steel below NA take tensile stress and concrete below NA only act as strain transferring medium. These fundamentals lead to the idea of hybrid concrete beam (HC).This study is concerned with a new type of composite configuration of concrete beam where the different type of concrete are used as per required capacity to improve in terms of constructability and material optimization. This study is focused on fabrication of HC beam. In this study high strength concrete (HSC) beam and HC beam of rectangular and T in shape were fabricated and tested. Rectangular HC beam fabricated using high strength concrete above neutral axis and high volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) below neutral axis. In HC T-beam the web is of high volume fly ash concrete and flange is of high strength concrete

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Evaluation of Sloped Tubular Web RBS Moment Connections under Cyclic Behaviour[ ]


As the complex-shaped buildings become a popular trend, more researches are needed to embody those twisted and tilted shapes into real structures. The studies on the inclined column and beam connection that appears frequently in the complex-shaped structures are not sufficient in comparison to those on the conventional structures. So that the structural safety and the behavior. To evaluate the effects of a sloped connection considering an angle of deviation from orthogonal of 280, a tubular web reduced beam section (TW-RBS) moment connections is analyzed under cyclic loading. This proposed TW-RBS connection would be provided by replacing a part of the beam web with a steel tube at the expected location of plastic hinge. The load carrying capacity of this connection in deep beam is studied under sloping condition. Evaluation of sloped RBS moment connections with center of the ordinary RBS (flange cut) is perpendicular to the beam longitudinal axis of the beam and parallel to the column were already studied and found that the preferred configuration is the perpendicular one, not parallel. In this paper, the preferred configuration (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam) with TW-RBS is analytically tested under cyclic loading and compared with RBS connection

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Seismic analysis of corrugated steel plate shear wall with opening[ ]


Cold –formed corrugated steel plate shear wall (CSPSW) construction is a newly accepted and effi-cient lateral force resisting system. This system offers several advantages as copared to the other lateral load re-sisting system. Its consist of corrugated thin infill plate that attached to the horizontal and vertical steel beams in building structurel frame. It offers various advantages over flat plate including ductility. Large initial stiff-ness,improving buckling stability,high level energy abasorption capacities,and ability to accomadate openings. The openings may be created within the corrugated infill plate to accommodate for architectural purposes, pass-ing utilities, and structural resons. On this bases, this paper investigates the initial stiffness, and energy absorp-tion capacities of CSPSW with and without opening. To this end, numerous finite elemenet models with various geometrical properties are developed and analyszed under cyclic loading. Results and findings of this study are indicate of effectiveness of the thickness, opening size of the infiil plates on the hysteretic performance of corru-gate and perforated steel steel shear wall system.Optimal and proper selection of the oforementionedgeometrical parameters can results in CSPSW system with desirable structural behavior and seismic performance.

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Finite element analysis of concrete filled steel tubular truss girder[ ]


Concrete filled steel tubes (CFST) are becoming increasingly popular and used in various structures throughout the world due to the excellent composite interaction between the steel tube and concrete. CFST truss is a type of truss which uses CFST members as itschords and hollow tubes as its braces. The new type of trusses can be used in bridge structures and other large span structure. Due to theexcellent performance in strength, stiffness and ductility, the CFST members have achieved extensive structural application. This projectmainly focuses on analysis and behavioral characteristics of CFST Pratt truss using ANSYS. The concrete infill increases the compressive strength of the top chord and the tensile strength of the bottom chord. Filling the chord with concrete will greatly increase both the static and fatigue strength of the joint. The various parameters considered are diameter of chord, diameter of brace, thickness of chord and strength of concrete infill, truss height and span length

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Strength and durability study of geopolymer concrete with 100% replacement of sand using copper slag[ ]


One of the regularly used man made building material in the word is concrete. This concrete is comprising of sand and gravel. They are chemically inert and very hard. It is blended together by the addition of cement and water. Among these components, cement and sand are correlated with some issue which is considered as the drawback of the concrete. Requirements of the huge amount of energy, emission of carbon dioxide, increasing demand of river sand, overpriced of river sand are some of the problems have been confronted by construction industries during the use of conventional concrete. On the other hand, industrial by products are producing in huge amount which is not used properly by our country. Hence it is mandatory to find out the substitute solution to control these problems. Many alternatives have been founded by researchers. Geopolymer concrete is renowned among many alternatives. It consumes an alkaline solution along with industrial by-products and aggregates. The Alkaline solution is prepared by combining sodium hydroxide with sodium silicate. This alkaline solution reacts with silica and alumina present in the source material to produce an alumino silicate gel which is act as a bonding agent in geopolymer concrete. In this work, sand and cement were completely replaced by copper slag and fly ash respectively. Sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio was taken as 2.0. Three different molarities i.e. 8M, 12M, and 16M were taken as test variables. Mechanical properties of this concrete were determined by conducting the tests. The compressive and split tensile strength of this geopolymer concrete was more or less similar or slightly greater than the normal geopolymer concrete. The maximum compressive strength obtained by copper slag based geopolymer concrete was 38 N/mm2 and 4.77 N/mm2 was the maximum tensile strength after 28 days of the oven curing. Production cost of copper slag-based GPC is less when compared to normal geopolymer concrete. From the durability aspects view it shows good resistance to chemicals attack.

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Strength and behaviour of flex fiber reinforced concrete[ ]


With the rising quantity of waste generation from numerous processes, there has been growing attention in the consumption of waste materials in the production of construction materials to attain possible advantages. Over the last decades, the efficient management of several sorts of waste productions is getting more attention to maintain sustainability in construction. The consumption of waste materials rather than natural resources is one of the fundamental concerns of waste management strategies. Reduction in environmental pollution, decreasing land filling and discarding of wastes, and preserving raw materials are the main advantages of recycling. Now a day’s synthetic plastic wastes are plenty and cause several environmental hazards. Recycling or reusing plastic wastes as fibers in concrete is an innovative solution to this problem. This work aims at investigating the mechanical properties of concrete made using fibers from flexwastes

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Finite element analysis of innovative single skinstrengthened corrugated column subjected to axial and eccentric loading[ ]


Recent days it has been a growing trend of replacing conventional structural elements by innovative components to achieve more strengthen infrastructure. For example lighter steel structures are used to the heavier ones as alternative material. With the development of steel as a construction material, the varieties of steel sections were also increased. Among these sections, the Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) were the most reliable one to make lighter. Many researches have been carried out of corrugated web beam and girders, but fewer amounts of research for corrugated column. In this project, the analysis of corrugated hollow steel column by using ANSYS software was done by evaluating the effect of corrugation angle under weight constant ,effect of corrugation angle under section constant and effect of column height subjected to axial and eccentric loading condition and also checks its ductility and load carrying capacity by strengthening the corrugated hollow column

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Study on Voided Slab with High Volume Fly Ash Concrete[ ]


A traditional method of building a structure is through concreting. It is not considered as environmental friendly due to the consumption of large amount of cement. The complex design of structures can be made simpler by reducing the dead weight of structural elements. This also reduces the overall cost of construction as well as reduces the use of cement. Such an approach is done through HVFA concrete bubble deck slab. This thesis presents the ultimate load carrying capacity of slabs with high volume fly ash replacement and also incorporation of plastic balls in it. The load at which first crack in the slab appeared is included. The high volume fly ash concrete has a reduced weight compared to normal concrete and again in the slab plastic balls are used as spacers which in turn reduces the dead weight of the slab. The replacement of cement by fly ash is by 50% and curing is done for 56 days. Four different slab samples are tested with different arrangement of the balls and one without balls after curing for 56 days. The ultimate load capacities and load at first crack is compared with each other

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Seismic Performance and Dynamic Impact Resistant Behaviour of Hollow Structural Steel Connections[ ]


The paper presents seismic performance and dynamic impact resistant behavior of hollow structural steel connections. Numerical analysis on hollow structural steel connections was carried out through ANSYS16.1 software. Ductile behaviour of steel structures depends on mechanical properties of steel materials and steel structures are designed so that plastic deformations occur on beams particularly in beam-to-column connections under cyclic loads. The purpose of this study is to prevent local buckling effects to occur under bending in welded connections of hollow sections. The strain distribution, load displacement curves, failure modes of the joints are analysed and also determine the sufficient stiffness and the deformation occurred on the model by varying beam-column shape. Dynamic behaviour under impact loading and seismic performance on the best model was carried out. After studying the behaviour of different types of hollow sections the efficient model was suggested for its better behaviour

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Finite Element Analysis of Composite Beams and Columns with Castellated Members[ ]


The paper presents finite element analysis of composite beams and columns with castellated members. Numerical analysis on composite beams and columns was carried out through ANSYS16.1 software. Steel I-section can be modified to strengthen the section by increasing the depth and creating openings in the web. This is achieved by flame cutting a single rolled beam in a definite pattern and then re-joining the segments. The new section with holes will have a depth at least 50% more and its section modulus is increased by 2.25 times than the original section. The strength to weight ratio of the section is increased without additional usage of steel. Application of partial and full encasement can avoid failure mechanisms and increases yield moment capacity. In this paper, different shapes of web opening namely rectangular, hexagonal and elliptical were considered in partially and fully encased with concrete. After studying the behaviour of different models of composite beams and columns the efficient model was suggested for its better behaviour.

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Post-fire Seismic Performance of Beam to Concrete Filled Tube Column Joints[ ]


This paper presents the post-fire seismic behaviour of two types of moment resisting joints in multistory frames of concrete-filled high-strength rectangular hollow sections (RHS) columns and mild carbon steel beams. Two joint typologies: with reduced beam section (RBS) and with cover plates (CP) are studied. The seismic behaviour of these joints after exposure to the ISO-834 fire standard has been numerically investigated using finite element software ANSYS Workbench 16.1. temperature distribution, failure mode and moment-rotation curve are studied for both the joints. From the results obtained it was clear that beam column joint with cover plate gives better post-fire seismic performance.

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Removal of Iron from Drinking water by using Low Cost Natural Adsorbents[ ]


In Kerala most of the water used for industrial, commercial or domestic uses comes from either ground water or surface water. The drinking water condition have great effects on human’s daily life, especially in rural and remote areas where access to good quality water is very critical. Valappad is a small village on the Chavakkadu coast of Thrissur. A large population of this area are facing serious drinking water issues due to the presence of high level of iron content. The normal drinking water contain permissible limit 0.3mg/l but the Valappad ground water contains 2mg/l of iron concentration. Adsorption method for removal of iron from drinking water is more economical and effective in rural villages. Amla Tree Bark (ATB) and Banana Peel (BP) have been using as a natural low coast adsorbent for the removal of Iron from drinking water. A batch adsorption study was conducted to check the efficiency of ATB and BP and the studies were conducted to investigate the effect of various operational parameters such as Adsorbent dose, pH, Contact time and Initial iron concentration on the treatment efficiency.The maximum removal efficiency of iron from synthetic water was observed in the pH range 4-6 by both adsorbents. The study of Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were carried out. Amla tree bark shows higher iron removal efficiency than the Banana peel

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Study on strength improvement of red earth using biopolymer and other additives[ ]


This paper focus on the studies conducted on red earth improved with biopolymer and other additives from a perspective of strength improve ment. This may serve as an eco friendly alternative to various other stabilization techniques in vogue. Also this study focus on amending lateritic red soil, which is the dominating soil type in Kerala. Amending indigenous soil types to obtain improve d eng ineering properties so as to meet various requirements is expected to be a relevant study. Xanthan gum biopolymer is used for the stud y. For strength improvement fly ash and coir fiber are also incorporated with biopolymer. Soil is mixed with different com binations of biopolymer, fly ash and coir fiber and its density water content relations are obtained using standard proctor test. Unconfined compressive strength test is conducted to analyse the variation in strength characteristics.

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Fatigue Analysis of Continuous Steel Concrete Composite Girders Strengthened With CFRP[ ]


Steel-concrete composite girders, when they are provided in continuous spans, a loss of strength and composite action will be occurring at the hogging moment region due to the development of tension in concrete and compression in steel. Limited works have been done to study this shortcoming in these widely used girders. Though Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), is found to have lot of untapped potential for improving the strength of girders, most of the existing works studies the behavior of the girders under static loading condition. This paper presents an analytical investigation into the behavior of composite girders strengthened in hogging moment region using CFRP under fatigue loading conditions. Effect of different arrangements of CFRP laminates are also being compared for different geometries. CFRP was found effectively improve the strength of composite girders in the negative moment regions especially when provided along the full width of the girder.

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Strengthening of self compacting concrete and plain concrete beams using CFRP and GFRP sheets[ ]


A beam without reinforcement will crack and fail when subjected to a relatively small load. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a concrete which has little resistance to flow and can be placed and compacted under its own weight with little or no vibration. Concrete structures subjected to continuous loading, slender beams and members subjected to loads such as earthquake loads etc. require strengthening. Fibre reinforced polymer is one such material used for strengthening. FRP offer excellent corrosion resistance and high stiffness to weight and strength to weight ratios. In this study, SCC and plain concrete beams strengthened with U bonding of CFRP and GFRP sheets and their strength in bending was calculated from sin-gle point compression loading. Beams casted were cured and then after wrapped with CFRP and GFRP sheets. For first of SCC and plain concrete beams, one layer of CFRP and GFRP sheets were wrapped each. For second set, the beams were wrapped with two layer of CFRP and GFRP sheets and for third set of beams, three layer of CFRP and GFRP sheets were wrapped. Epoxy resin and hardener were used to wrap the sheets. The bending strength between the beams wrapped CFRP and GFRP sheets were compared

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Comparative perfomance of bacilius subtilis and nano silica on various clay soils[ ]


This paper deals with comparison study of performance of stabilisers namely Bacillus subtilis and Nano silica on three different clayey soil having different clay mineralogy. Now days there are many techniques and stabilizing agents for improving the basic properties of clayey soil, but most of them are costly techniques and are not environment friendly solution for stabilisation of soil. The use of conventional soil stabiliser like lime, gypsum..etc. though are effective stabilisers but their effectiveness may vary based on different mineral constituent of the clay minerals contained in the soil that need to be stabilised. So a stabiliser should be selected based on the mineral composition of the soil that needs to be stabilised and also on the basis of purpose of use of such stabilised soil. This project involves comparison study of two stabilisers on three different clay soils. The stabilisers chosen were microbe, Bacillus subtilis which have agricultural importance and are not polluting in nature and the other one Nano silica which is an emerging Nano technological product were being chosen for the comparative study of performance of both stabiliser on mainly three clayey soil: paddy clay collected from local paddy field, black cotton clay whose major mineral constituent is montmorillite content and marine clay. The study result shows that the use of stabilisers on these three soil had shown results which had varied considerably from that of unstabilised soil samples. There was both positive and negative effect of these stabilisers on the selected soil sample. The main objective of this project is to investigate the effect of microbe and Nano silica in geotechnical application and hence to compare the results obtaine

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Traffic Flow Modeling and Capacity Estimation for Heterogeneous Traffic on Four Lane Divided Carriageway[ ]


In India, heterogeneous traffic condition due to various kinds of vehicles manoeuvres increase rapidly. Heterogeneous nature occurs due to different lane characteristics and driver behavior resulting in static and dynamic features. Therefore, traffic on the road varies and traffic volume exceeds normal range. Study on various traffic parameters is essentially required for manoeuvre of roadway facilities. Traffic flow fundamental diagrams can be used to characterize relation between traffic parameters such as speed, flow and density. Present study is concerned with macroscopic traffic flow characteristics observed on four lane divided carriageway. Traffic flow fundamental diagrams are used to characterize the relation between macroscopic parameters and compared with other macroscopic models such as Greenshield’s model and Greenberg’s model. Macroscopic models provides a general knowledge of vehicles and traffic as a continuum. Calibrated model is used for predicting future scenario of speed and density with change in traffic volume. At the end of this work capacity analysis and level of service of the roads is founded out. Greater capacity shows better roadway structure that will improve the vehicular road traffic

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Applications of Arduino sensors for detection of seepage failures in soil[ ]


This paper deals with the development of an Arduino based detection technique for seepage failures like soil p iping through embankments and la ndslides. The recent events, particularly the heavy rainfall caused flood have caused many catastrophic failures to the structures including buildings and roads, resulting in heavy casualties in many cases. The main reason b eing landslides, henceforth this study focuses on developing a prototype sensor pillar for such localities where the influence of moisture causes significant failure to the ground. The objective is to develop a low cost early warning system for better evac uation process. The study is bi fold, a parametric study and prototype sensor pillar development.

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Numerical Modeling and Comparison of Precast Column to Column Connections[ ]


Precast construction technology takes advantage of controlled manufacturing of structural elements with superior quality and which is why they are mostly adopted recently in constructions such as roof, slabs, beam, column, even the stairs etc. These elements are connected to themselves and/or each other by means of suitable connections. Columns in the buildings play an important role in transferring both the gravity and lateral loads. Since column being vertical member, the effect of out of straightness and sway have adverse effects in the load carrying capacity of column, so it should be carefully erected and connected. Due to limited availability of span for precast elements, multiple units have to be connected in order to attain required height of the structure. Precast Concrete Institute (PCI) has suggested some column-column connections which can be used for precast construction. The PCI has suggested this type of bolted/welded connections, because of their ease of installation and consumption of less erection time compared to grouted connection. The current study covers such precast columns with mechanical connections modeled and compared with the monolithic reinforced concrete column model under compression in finite element software (ABAQUS). The study shows efficiency of the connections to transfer forces as compared to monolithic RCC column

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