The word ‘Thyroid’ originated from ‘Thyreos’, a Greek word meaning shield. It was first used by Thomas Wharton (1614-1673) of London, UK. He named it as Glandularis thyroideis in 1656 in his book “Adenographia.” In old times, it was called Struma (Latin word for swollen gland), bronchocele (a cystic mass in the neck) and Goitre (Latin word-gutter meaning throat). The last name is in use even today. 1 Diseases of the thyroid gland are common and comprise a spectrum of entities causing systemic disease (Grave’s disease) or a localised abnormality in the thyroid gland such as nodular enlargement (goitre) or a tumour mass. After diabetes mellitus, the thyroid gland is the most common organ to cause endocrine disorders. 2 Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine diseases particularly in countries where iodine intake through diet is low. Thyroid carcinoma closely resembles its benign counterpart in physical characteristics, measurable physiological parameters such as serum T3/T4 levels and ultrasonic characteristics. Therefore, the surgical excision of the nodule and its histological examination is the only way to differentiate between the more frequent benign and much less frequent malignant nodules. Since most of the thyroid nodule are benign , symptomless and small in size, they do not require surgical excision. 3 A solitary thyroid nodule is defined as a palpable single, clinically detected nodule in the thyroid. They cause more concern because of high probability of malignancy in them, which can range from 5-35% of all solitary thyroid nodules. 4 Diffuse thyroid lesions are those that are associated with conditions affecting entire gland such as hyperplasia and thyroiditis. Nodular lesion comprises those disorders that produce a clinical nodule and consists of non-neoplastic hyperplasia as well as benign and malignant tumours. 5 Neoplasm of the thyroid are relatively uncommon disease.They constitute only 0.7% of all cancers in female and 0.2% in males. However, there has been an increase in the incidence of thyroid neoplasm in India and abroad. 6 Striking advances in various disciplines of medicine and science as applied to the study of thyroid lesions have led to a better understanding and management of many thyroid disorders. 7 Inspite of great advances in the understanding of thyroid tumours, there are problems and unanswered questions. The great variety of types and the wide range of aggressiveness of thyroid cancers continue to complicate both diagnosis and management. Evaluation of different methods of therapy continues to be a problem, partly because thyroid cancers are uncommon. 8 In India, there are 2,16,000 new cases of thyroid malignancies per year 9 and hence the role of properly evaluating thyroid lesions is significant. Thyroid cytology-Fine Needle Cytology (FNC) has proven to be a first-line tool to evaluate the thyroid lesions because of its cost effectiveness and high patient acceptance. FNC particularly, guided is highly successful in triaging patients with thyroid nodules into operative and non-operative groups.This enables surgeons to take an early decision regarding mode of treatment to be applied. Studies are required intermittently to know the overall disease pattern of an organ in a particular region. Evaluation of diagnostic parameters of a diagnostic modality that is used frequently as basis of patient management is equally essential. Hence this study was undertaken with the following aims and objectives. 1.To study clinico-radiological and cyto-histopathological profile of various thyroid lesions. 2.To assess diagnostic parameters for cytodiagnosis of thyroid lesions. 3.To study pattern analysis of solitary thyroid nodules [STN].

TITLE - CYTO-DIAGNOSIS OF THYROID LESIONS
AUTHOR - DR. BHUSHAN M. WARPE
••••••IJSER Edition - August 2014

UNIVERSITY - Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS), Nashik
GUIDE NAME -
DR. SANDHYA V. POFLEE