numbers of registered motor vehicles in the
measure and try to minimize the road accidents
due to vehicle collision and hence reduce the death and injury rates.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 763
ISSN 2229-5518
Abstract - The Vehicle collision avoidance system in an automobile is used to prevent the accidents and ensure the vehicle safety and reliability. This system can make the job of driving vehicles easier and ensures to manage traffic efficiently with road safety. The proposed system uses Radar sensors (Short range Radars) placed at its front ,these vehicles can detect presence of moving objects in their path, and predict their speed, direction and calculate how to maintain a safe distance from them.At present all the Intelligent Vehicles are being manufactured with inbuilt collision avoidance system as a proactive crash mitigation system. Ranging and detection of the front end vehicles are accomplished by combining the RADAR sensors, Hardware’s, Communication devices and a Risk zone detection algorithm. By combine this makes the use of Vehicle collision avoidance system more perfect and available to the public allowing safe and secure driving experience. The desired speed and distance can be set at several levels according to the situation. The main goal of this proposed work alerts the driver on vehicle positions and will do on auto diagnostic of vehicle.
Keywords - RADAR, Vehicle Collision avoidance, Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC),Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS), Engine Control Unit (ECU), Surface Transport Act (STA),Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM)
--------------- -------------------------------------
IJSER
The number of automobiles travelling U.S. roads
and highways increase on a daily basis. Unfortunately, traffic congestion and the number of automobile accidents also increase. There is an ever-pressing need to regulate traffic flow and make driving much safer. The automobile industry develops more intelligent vehicles every year. These advancements allow many people to foresee a completely autonomous vehicle in the not-so- distant future. There are several organizations that promote the development of safer, more intelligent vehicles. The U.S. Government’s support of the development of more intelligent vehicles is evident by the Surface Transportation Act (STA) passed just recently. Intelligent Transportation Systems include advanced technologies that help drivers avoid accidents, reduce traffic jams, and improve traffic flow.
————————————————
*(Asst Professor, Department of ECE, Coimbatore Institute of Engg & Technology, Coimbatore. Currently pursuing PhD in Anna University, Chennai. Email: siva.raja076@gmail.com)
** (Professor & Head, Department of ECE, Sri Krishna College of
Engg. & Technology, Coimbatore.
email : h_mangalam@yahoo.co.in)
Today, a majority of the population is living in urban areas and has been drastic increase towards the usage of transportation in cities. Road transport is one of the most widely used and 70% of the transportation takes place by this mode only. Cars, Trucks, Buses and Goods vehicles have increased in day to day transport. After the French revolution and World war- II, the automobile sector growth is rapidly changed all over the world. By adopting the various Technology, Standards and Strategies the Manufacturing cost of the vehicle has been reduced.
The Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) are continuously upgrade the new features in the vehicles to attract the customers and hence the market retail price of a automobiles is also reduced
.Human eye and mind is not enough while driving on today’s road traffic scenario and complete concentration cannot be guaranteed by the human mind. The last three decades the vehicle population is increasingly four folded and the various models of the automobiles are been
manufactured.
IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 764
ISSN 2229-5518
India has among the highest number of road accident casualties in the world. A government statistic says that a death occurs every four minutes on Indian roads due to road accidents. The main causes for road accidents are many; the congested city roads, bad road surfaces, flooding of roads, reckless driving, inadequate traffic management and so on and so forth. In the years
2001 to 2011, more than a million people died in
road accidents across India. We bring you the top five states that has recorded the highest number of deaths due to road accidents.In India the severity of road accidents, measured in terms of persons
killed per 100 accidents, has also increased from
country and the country's population have increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.4%, 9.9% and 1.6% respectively, during the decade 2001 to 2011. During the same period, the number of road accidents in the country increased at a CAGR of 2.1%. Similarly, the number of road accident fatalities and the number of persons injured in road accidents in the country between 2001 and 2011 increased by 5.8% and 2.4% respectively. The figure 1 gives the statistics about the death toll rate in Indian roads due to road accidents during the year 2012 .From the above bar graph, nearly 51% of deaths during road accidents are caused by four wheelers. The
proposed system is mainly focused as a preventive
IJSER
19.9% in 2001 to 26.9 %in 2010.
Expansion in the road network, a surge in motorization and the rising population in the country contribute toward the increasing numbers of road accidents, road accident injuries and road accident fatalities. The road network in India, the
numbers of registered motor vehicles in the
measure and try to minimize the road accidents
due to vehicle collision and hence reduce the death and injury rates.
A. CONVENTIONAL DRIVING SYSTEM
The conventional system works based on the accelerator input, the rate of fuel flow given to the engine and the speed is controlled accordingly. If the vehicle needs to run at high speed the accelerator pedal has to be pressed more so that it supplies more fuel to the engine. In the conventional method the drivers concentration is much more and always alert to take necessary control actions depends on the traffic situation.
IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 765
ISSN 2229-5518
extreme weather conditions. These sensors are capable of detecting the presence and speed of other vehicles, and that information is used to maintain a safe following distance. If adaptive cruise control detects an obstruction in the
B. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Vehicle Collision Avoidance system is a new type of speed control method used in the modern vehicles and it is a extension of conventional cruise control systems. In the conventional control systems the control unit compares the actual speed
with the desired set speed. If there is any
roadway, or the lead vehicle slows down, the system is capable of cutting the throttle, downshifting, and even activating the brakes. The system measures the distance as a function of speed and monitor the traffic ahead while ignoring stationary objects such as road signs and telephone poles and also determine how fast the vehicle is approaching the vehicle ahead. When a slower vehicle ahead with the Collision avoidance present vehicle or a vehicle come closer to the Collision
IJSER
difference is found between these two values, a
signal is sent to throttle position actuator to bring the vehicle to the set speed. The Fig.3 explains the proposed Radar based Vehicle collision avoidance system used in a car.
The system incorporates a Radar-based system that can monitor the vehicle in front (up to 600 feet) and adjust the speed of the vehicle to keep it at a preset distance behind the lead vehicle, even in the
avoidance present vehicle, the system
automatically close the throttle or apply the brake pressure to slow down the vehicle and also maintain the distance between the vehicles. The set speed is the desired maximum speed to be regulated by the system on an open road. The system is truly “Hands - off” and performs these functions automatically. The proposed system maintains the vehicle speed at the preset amount, as long as the vehicle path is unobstructed. The control module get the information from the radar sensor, vehicle speed sensors and vehicle steering and yaw rate sensors to determine if the path is obstructed and to adjust the vehicle speed. The radar may be a separate standalone unit or it is incorporated with the control unit.
The proposed system provides a visible alert when
it senses a reduction in traffic speed in case of any
IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 766
ISSN 2229-5518
vehicles ahead. When the danger of a collision is
detected, it provides a red warning light that flashes on the windshield. If the driver’s response is delayed, the system will pre-charge the brakes to prepare the vehicle for more aggressive braking to help avoid rear-end accidents. If the driver lifts quickly off of the accelerator indicating a desire to slow down, the system will apply the brakes to a nominal level to decelerate the vehicle faster than the driver can move his or her foot to the brake pedal. If the driver hits the brakes rapidly, the system is designed to provide full braking capability of the vehicle to avoid or mitigate the potential threat.
3. If the danger of the collision is detected it
provides a alert to the driver.
4. Engine control uint reduces the speed of the Collision avoidance system installed vehicle and it adjust according to the preceding vehicle.
5. Reset to the original speed if the traffic
clears.
D. RADAR function in Collision avoidance system
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is an electromagnetic wave of power Pt is transmitted to a preceding object, for example to a moving car or truck and is partly reflected back to the antenna
with the receiving power Pr. From the time delay
IJSEbetween the Rtransmitted and received signal the
C.SENSING MECHANISM
Fig.4 infers the following information
1. The proposed method installed vehicle set speed as 70Km/H.
2. RADAR based detection system obtain the slower vehicle ahead and speed of the
vehicle is 40 Km/h.
distance to the car or truck can be calculated. Additional information can be gained from the frequency shift of the received signal, which is proportional to the speed of the preceding vehicle.
IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 767
ISSN 2229-5518
RADAR range equation is as follows
Pt = Power transmitted from antenna in dBm
G = Gain of the transmitting antenna
λ = Wavelength of the transmitted signal in meter σ = Cross section in m2
R = distance between the transmitting antenna and reflecting object
Pr = Received power in watts
The ACC system provides an audible alert when it
Fig.5 Radar Transmitting and Receiving signal
The figure 5 provides the Radar signal transmitting and receiving patterns on the Vehicle collision avoidance system. Black line represents the transmitted signal and blue line represents the received signal. The time differences between these
IJSER
senses a reduction in traffic speed in case of any vehicles ahead. When the danger of a collision is detected, it provides a red warning light that flashes on the windshield. If the driver’s response is delayed, the system will pre-charge the brakes to prepare the vehicle for more aggressive braking to help avoid rear-end accidents. If the driver lifts quickly off of the accelerator indicating a desire to slow down, the system will apply the brakes to a nominal level to decelerate the vehicle faster than the driver can move his or her foot to the brake pedal. If the driver hits the brakes rapidly, the system is designed to provide full braking capability of the vehicle to avoid or mitigate the potential threat.
two signals are measured as ∆t and this time
period is used to calculate the distance between the preceding vehicles.
The figure 6 gives the actual information’s based on the current traffic conditions on the road. The transmitted signal from the proposed method implemented vehicle are reflected as moving fixed objects. The received signals are in the form of moving target and fixed target and the ∆t provides the distance between the objects. Based on the real
IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 768
ISSN 2229-5518
time information’s the proposed method Hardware’s and Safe distance algorithm decides the vehicle speed and when the braking to be applied.
Vehicle collision avoidance system implements Radar based transmit and receive sensor module is mounted in front of a vehicle. The sensor includes a sensor antenna system which comprises a transmit antenna for emitting or transmitting an Radar signal and a receive antenna for receiving portions of the transmitted signal which are intercepted by one or more objects within a field of
view of the transmit antenna and reflected back
active' state in which no forward vehicles are present such that the ACC system is controlling vehicle speed to the 'set speed' as is typical with conventional cruise control systems.
path of the ACC vehicle that is closest to the ACC
vehicle.
vehicle and the target vehicle. The 'time gap' is related to the 'clearance' and vehicle speed.
toward the receive aIntennaJ.
SER
by the driver.
Fig.8 describes the how the various sensor signal information’s are being processed and how the control signals are generated to achieve the vehicle stability.
IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 769
ISSN 2229-5518
Major components of the Brake System in the proposed system is Brake control module, Solenoid vale assembly, sensors in wheels
and no additional fluid is allowed to flow to brake calipers. During pressure vent mode the pressure increase solenoid is closed. The vent solenoid opens allowing fluid to vent into an accumulator chamber.
This paper provides an approach to avoid the collision between the vehicles in traffic busy roads. In future this concept can be implemented in four wheelers and prevent the vehicles from accidents and save the peoples from severe injuries. This is not for only based on vehicles collision at the same time if any obstacles like wall, trees, people, etc are
IJSEcoming on thRe road lane means the system will
As per the Fig.7 the brake control module is receives information from the speed sensor and compares it to the speed of other wheels. When one wheel is approaching lock-up pressure can be vented allowing the wheel nearing lock-up to speed up. If a wheel is to fast pressure can be increased to slow down the wheel. If both wheel are approximately the same speed the brake control module can enter a pressure hold mode of operation.
It consists of pair of valve assembly and doing increase pressure, decrease pressure and hold pressure steady. During pressure increase mode of operation fluid is allowed to flow through both solenoids to the brake caliper. During pressure
hold mode of operation both solenoids are closed
detects all things and send the message to the unit and then we can save the vehicles from accidents. So simply we can say if this concept was implements in real time systems it will get success means we can say as Accident free vehicle collision system. Hence usage of this system can highly increase safety and efficiency of transportation system, while improvements in this system can bring out the more reliability and safety in the vehicular manufacturing technology.
[1] Y. Bar-Shalom, X. Li, T. Kirubarajan, “Estimation with Applications to tracking and Navigation”, John Wiley & Sons, INC, New York, Chapter 11, pp. 421-490, 2001.
[2] Managing Urban Traffic Congestion, “European
Conference of Ministers of Transport”, OECD/ECMT 2007.
[3] M. A. Hannan, A. Hussain, and S. A. Samad. “System Interface for an Integrated Intelligent Safety System (ISS) for Vehicle Applications”. 2010.
IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 770
ISSN 2229-5518
[4] A. Vahidi and A. Eskandarian,”Research advances in intelligent collision avoidance and adaptive cruise control”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 4(3):143–
153, 2003.
[5] Fancher, Paul and Bareket, Zevi, “The Influence of Intelligent Cruise Control Systems on Traffic Flow”, JSAE Review, Volume 16, Issue 2, April 1995, Page 219.
[6] R. Ervin,J. Sayer,D.LeBlanc,S. Bogard, M. Mefford, M. Hagan, Z. Bareket, and C. Winkler. “Automotive collision avoidance system (acas) field operational test methodology and results”, (us dot hs 809 901). Washington, dc: Department of transportation, 2005.
[7] Floriana Esposito, Donato Malerba, and Giovanni Semeraro,“A comparative analysis of methods for pruning decision trees”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19:476–491, 1997.
[8] Bart van Arem, Cornelie J. G. van Driel, and Ruben Visser,”The impact of cooperative adaptive cruise control on traffic-flow characteristics”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 7(4):429–436, 2006.
[9] Risser R. “Evaluation of an ACC System with Help of Behaviour Observation”, Proceedings of the AEPSAT conference (1999), Angers, France.
[10] Nassaree Benalie, Worrawut Pananurak, Somphong Thanok, and Manukid Parnichkun “Improvement of Adaptive Cruise Control System based on Speed Characteristics and Time Headway” IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. On Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp 2403-2408.
[11] Arne Kesting, Martin Treiber, Martin Sch¨onhof, Florian Kranke, and Dirk Helbing “Jam-avoiding adaptive cruise control (ACC) and its impact on traffic dynamics”,Traffic and Granular Flow, Springer (Berlin), 2005, pp 633-643.
[12] Peter Morsink, et al “CARTALK 2000: Development of a Cooperative ADAS based on Vehicle-to Vehicle Communication”,10th World Congress and Exhibition on Intelligent Transport Systems and Service, Spain, 2003.
[13] Ching-Hao Lai, Chia-Chen Yu,” An Efficient Real-Time Traffic Sign Recognition System for Intelligent Vehicles with Smart Phones”, International Conference on Technologies and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, pp.195-202, 2010.
IJSER
IJSER © 2014 http://www.ijser.org